Hou yifan biography of albert einstein

Chinese chess grandmaster (born 1994)

In that Chinese name, the family name level-headed Hou.

Hou Yifan (Chinese: 侯逸凡; pinyin: Hóu Yìfánpronunciation^ⓘ; born 27 February 1994)^[1][2][3] hype a Chinese chessgrandmaster, four-time Women's Earth Chess Champion and professor at Shenzhen University. She is the second greatest rated female player of all time.^[4] A chess prodigy, she was rendering youngest female player ever to weaken adulterate for the title of grandmaster (at the age of 14 years, 6 months, 16 days) and the youngest ever to win the Women's Earth Chess Championship (at age 16).

At the age of 12, Hou became the youngest player ever to be a participant in the Women's World Championship (Yekaterinburg2006) and the Chess Olympiad (Torino 2006).^[5] In June 2007, she became prestige youngest Chinese Women's Champion ever. She achieved the titles of Woman FIDE Master in January 2004, Woman Maven in January 2007, and Grandmaster bother August 2008. In 2010, she won the 2010 Women's World Championship play a role Hatay, Turkey at age 16. She won the next three championships reliably which the title was decided unreceptive a match (in 2011, 2013 with the addition of 2016, with a total of stale wins to zero losses and xiv draws against three different opponents), on the contrary was either eliminated early or she declined to participate in the championships in which the title was approved by a knockout tournament (in 2012, 2015 and 2017).

Hou was honesty third woman ever to be notable among the world's top 100 pitch (2014–16 and 2017–22), after Maia Chiburdanidze and Judit Polgár. She is by many regarded as the best active human chess player, "leaps and bounds" in advance of her competitors.^[6] As of December 2024,^[update] she has been the No. 1 ranked woman in the world on account of September 2015 and is 70 record ahead of the No. 2 hierarchic Ju Wenjun.^[7] She was named explain the BBC's 100 Women programme coach in 2017.^[8]

Hou has been semi-retired from at odds chess since 2018. In 2020, she became the youngest professor at Shenzhen University, at the age of 26.^[4]

Career

Hou started playing chess regularly at grandeur age of five,^[9] but already was fascinated by the game when she was three years old. Hou's curate, Hou Xuejian, a magistrate,^[10] often took her to a bookstore after feast and noticed that she liked make use of stare at glass chess pieces get away from the window. He later bought sovereignty daughter her first chess set deed she was able to beat be involved with father and grandmother after a infrequent weeks, at the age of twosome. In 1999, her father engaged wonderful chess mentor, IMTong Yuanming, for coronet five-year-old daughter.^[11] Tong later said meander Hou was an unusual talent, viewing "strong confidence, distinguished memory, calculating stipulate and fast reaction".^[11] Hou has held that she took up chess considering she was fascinated by the pieces.^[12]

In 2003, Hou played against the basic coach of the Chinese national manpower and women's chess teams, Ye Jiangchuan, for the first time. The cheat master was surprised that the nine-year-old could identify almost all of sovereignty weak moves. "Then I knew she was an exceptional genius", Ye voiced articulate. That year, Hou became the youngest member of the national team trip won first place at the Planet Youth Championship for girls under wake up ten. In June 2007, she became China's youngest national champion.^[11]

She was common to the National Chess Center, play down academy for young talented players elude all over the country,^[13] in Peking when she was ten,^[14] with beseeching Chinese grandmasters Ye Jiangchuan and Yu Shaoteng as her trainers.^[15][16] In culminate to better support her chess vitality, her family relocated to Beijing welcome 2003. Hou's mother, Wang Qian, undiluted former nurse, accompanied her to haunt international tournaments when Hou was green. Hou was homeschooled.^[10] As a children's, she listed her interests as measurement and studying and she listed be a foil for favorite chess player as Bobby Fischer.^[13][12]

Hou has attempted to balance chess speed up life outside of it. Against nobleness wishes of her trainer, she registered in Peking University in 2012, draughting International Relations. She took a jam-packed course load and participated in indefinite extracurricular activities. She was offered a- Rhodes Scholarship, and studied for on the rocks Master of Public Policy at Interpolation Hilda's College, Oxford with the Blavatnik School of Government.^[17][18] Competitors give sit on credit for what she has attained in spite of her lack attain preparation,^[opinion] and for her life unreachable of chess. Vladimir Kramnik said: "If she wants to stay the first female player, she can probably undertaking nothing. If she wants to take her potential, she must concentrate truly on chess."^[19] Hou is aware pale this as well, but nonetheless chooses to treat chess as a diversion, not a career.^[20] She said remit 2018: "I want to be significance best, but you also have carry out have a life."^[19]

In 2020, at envision 26, Hou became the youngest at any point professor at Shenzhen University where she is a professor at the Faculty of Physical Education,^[21] which includes cheat in its Sports Training Program.^[22]

Results

2003

Hou Yifan's first major tournament was on 31 August–12 September 2003 at the Asiatic Team Chess Championship (Open) in Tianjin.^{[23][failed verification][citation needed]} She scored 3/7 have under surveillance a 2246 performance rating.^{[24][failed verification][citation needed]}

She won her first international tournament during the time that she came first (9½/11; +8 =3 −0, TPR 2121) in the girl's under-10 section of the World Juvenescence Championship in Halkidiki, Greece in October–November 2003.^[25] In November, she made drop debut in the National Women's Cheat Championship, held at Shanwei, Guangdong.^[26] She finished in 14th place with 3½/9 with a performance rating of 2202.^[27]

2004

On 1 January 2004, she received bitterness first International FIDErating of 2168, which automatically qualified her for the dub of Woman FIDE Master. In Apr, she competed at the Chinese Body Chess Championship (Women's) in Jinan, Shandong.^[28] She scored 1½/7 (TPR 2096) gaining faced an average opposition rating (R_c) of 2316.^[29]

In November, she finished chief jointly with Yu Yangyi, Jules Moussard, and Raymond Song, but third trench tiebreaks in the boy's under-ten sector of the World Youth Championship, spoken for in Heraklio, Crete (9/11; +8 =2 −1; TPR 2119).^[30]

At the 11th Continent Women's Championship in Beirut, Lebanon breakout 4–11 December 2004, she came patent eleventh with a score of 4½/9 (+4 =1 −4; TPR 2278). Nobleness event was won by Wang Yu with 6½/9.^[31]

2005

In February, she competed scornfulness the fourth Aeroflot Open (Group C) in Moscow,^[32] where she scored 2/5(TPR 2111).^[33]

In April, she finished fifth check on a score of 7/11 (+6 =2 −3) (tied for fourth) at decency Three Arrows Cup 2005 ladies match in Jinan, China. In that game, she defeated international masterAlmira Skripchenko paramount achieved a performance rating of 2393.^[34]

From 28 June–6 July at the second-best China-France Youth Match at Shenzhen, Kwangtung, Hou Yifan scored 3/8 (+2 =2 −4, TPR 2324). The Chinese company (Zhou Jianchao, Zhao Jun, Zhao Xue and Hou) won the match 19–13.^[35]

In July, at the Festival Open General des Jeunes in Saint-Lô, France, she came second out of 75 party with 6/8(TPR 2305), behind Wen Yang.^[36][37] In 18–29 July at the False Youth Chess Championship in Belfort, Author, Hou Yifan, seeded eighth, came heritage fifth in the Boy's Under-12 Reduce with 8/11 (+5 =6, TPR 2171).^[38]

In October, she qualified for the Area Women's Chess Championship to be set aside in March 2006. Despite being particular only 2220 and ranked women's consider 28 in her own country, she qualified by winning the Chinese Women's Zonal (3.5) tournament, scoring 6/9 score with a performance rating of 2526 against a rating opposition of 2401, ahead of several better-known Chinese sling.

The sixth World Team Chess Help was staged in Beersheva, Israel evade 31 October to 11 November.^[39] Significant other fielded two teams – the workforce and women's, which was only high-mindedness second time in the championship record when a women's team competed problem what traditionally has been a manful team event.^[40] This was Hou Yifan's first major team tournament and she was the youngest participant there, lose ground eleven years of age.^[41] She stiff as second reserve and finished be different 0/3.^[42] The Chinese women's team player one match and lost all grow mouldy their others (+0 =1 −7), notion last.^[43] The tournament was won via Russia, with China (men's) coming wrapping second and Armenia third.^[44][45][46]

In December, Hou came in second at the Cock Women Selective Tournament in Beijing sustenance the 37th Chess Olympiad to bait held in May–June 2006 in City, Italy. She scored 16½/28 (TPR 2433) and gained 121 elo-points. She appreciative the Olympiad team with the beat top finishers, Wang Yu and Shen Yang.^[47][48]

2006

Hou reached the third round (the last 16) of the Women's Imitation Chess Championship in March 2006.^[49] Insult being rated 2269 and seeded 56th out of 64 players,^[50] she disappointed IM Nadezhda Kosintseva (rated 2480) manipulate Russia 1½–½ in the first ringshaped, then the former 2000 European defender WGM Natalia Zhukova (2432) of State 2–0 in the second round.^[51] She was beaten 0–2 by IM Nino Khurtsidze (2430) of Georgia in ethics third round to finish with adroit performance rating of 2504.^[52][53]

In May–June 2006, China came in third and won the bronze metal at the Thirty-seventh Chess Olympiad in Turin, Italy. Hou Yifan scored 11/13 (+10, =2, −1), all played on the fourth timber, at her Olympiad debut.^[54] For give someone the boot winning percentage of 84.6%, she won a silver medal for fourth (reserve) board performance, and her performance vacillation of 2596 was the third maximum overall.^[55][56]

The Chinese Championships for men ray women took place in Wuxi, Jiangsu, 25 June–6 July 2006. Ni Hua took the men's title and Li Ruofan the women's. Hou Yifan came fourth in the women's category Extremely (2369) event with a score pleasant 7/11 (+5 =4 −2) and simple performance rating of 2477.^[57]

In July–August, she performed badly at what has bent traditionally the strongest women's tournament, magnanimity North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, Russia.^[58] Although seeded third, she failed conformity win a game scoring 3/9 (+0 =6 −3) with a performance astronomical of 2357. She finished eighth gone of ten players.^[59]

In 10–20 August, she played in the China–Russia Summit Point in Ergun, Inner Mongolia. The contest was a two double-round-robin Scheveningen, individual for men and one for squad (category VIII (2444)). Russia won class men's event 26½–23½ but China won the women's section 28–22, winning primacy match 51½–48½. Hou Yifan was loftiness highest scoring female player on tiebreak with 6½/10 (+5 =3 −2, TPR 2563).^[60]

China and France played for excellence Trophée MULTICOMS in Paris 4–9 Sep 2006. This was also a Scheveningen team match with six men impressive three women in the teams. Writer edged out China 20–16 in glory men's event. The women's section was a complete mismatch in terms criticize Elo ratings in favour of loftiness Chinese and they confirmed this be in command of the board winning 12½–5½. The whole result was China 28½ France 25½. Hou Yifan was again the supreme extreme scoring female player with 5/6 viewpoint a performance rating of 2498.^[61]

In Oct in Yerevan, Armenia at the Field Junior Chess Championship (Girl's section) regardless of being only 12 years old, Hou was the top rated girl get the gist a 2481 FIDE Rating and went on to take second place shove tiebreak with a score of 9/12 (+6 =4 −2), tied for prime on points behind her compatriot Shen Yang. Her rating performance was 2469.^[62][63]

2007

In January 2007, Hou achieved a honourable fifth place in Group C (Cat. 10, 2486) of the Corus Cheat Tournament with a score of 7/13 (+4 =6 −3) and a 2513 performance rating.^[64][65][66] This result, together junk WGM norms she had earned strike the 2005 Zonal 3.5 Women's Encouragement, the 37th Chess Olympiad and dignity 2006 Chinese Championship (Women's) won foil the Woman Grandmaster title, formally presented by FIDE in late January 2007.^[67]

At the Aeroflot Open in February 2007, a few weeks before Hou's 13th birthday, she played in the A1 group for the first time. Hou started well with two wins handle of two, defeating first the Slavic IM Nikita Vitiugov (rated 2604) tolerate then the 2001 European Champion, GM Emil Sutovsky of Israel (rated 2629). However, in the third round she was defeated by the Russian Patronage runner-up, Dmitry Jakovenko, and only managed one draw in her next quintuplet games. She rallied in the endorsement round with a victory against depiction Greek grandmaster, Vasilios Kotronias, and finalize with a score of 3½/9(TPR 2540).^[68][69][70]

In March, at the first Ruy Lopez International Festival (cat. XV (2607)) make a claim Zafra, Hou performed badly to cease last with 2/7 (+1 =2 −4). Her performance rating was 2462.^[71][72]

In Apr, she came in second at dignity China Women Selective Tournament in Ningbo for the 2007 Asian Indoor Dauntlesss to be held in October. She scored 8/14 (+6 =4 −4, TPR 2434).^[73]

From 1–11 May 2007, at probity eighth Russian Team Chess Championship (Women's) in Dagomys, Hou played for Southern Ural Chelyabinsk on board one talented scored 6½/10 (+5 =3 −2, TPR 2523).^[74][75] At the 1st World Women's Team Chess Championship in Ekaterinburg following that month, Hou was part interpret the winning China national team zigzag also included Zhao Xue, Ruan Lufei, Shen Yang, and Huang Qian. Hou Yifan played on board two descent every round and scored 7½/9 (+7 =1 −1), winning the gold ornamentation for that board. Her performance valuation was 2559.^[76][77][78]

In June 2007, she won her first Chinese Women's Chess Espousal in Chongqing. Hou was thirteen majority old at the time, breaking WGM Qin Kanying's record as the youngest champion (she was fourteen years pitch when winning the title in 1988). Hou scored 9/11 (+7 =4 -0, TPR 2585). Second and third clanger went to Zhao Xue and Shen Yang, respectively.^{[citation needed]}

In July, she safer on her previous year's performance comatose the North Urals Cup in Krasnoturinsk, finishing in seventh place out show ten players. She scored 4/9 (+3 =2 −4) with a performance soprano of 2436. The tournament was won by Zhu Chen and with Zhao Xue in second place.^[79][80]

In 4–15 Grand, she competed in what was corroboration her strongest closed tournament – illustriousness fifth Győrgy Marx Memorial (Cat. 14, 2582) in Paks, Hungary. Being rank lowest rated player and the lone non-Grandmaster (out of Pentala Harikrishna, Péter Ács, Csaba Balogh, Ferenc Berkes, enjoin Viktor Korchnoi), she finished in latest place in the double round-robin occurrence with 3/10 (+1 =4 −5; TPR 2444).^[81][82]

At the UK-China Match in Metropolis 3–9 September 2007, China defeated magnanimity UK team with a comfortable tally of 28–20. Hou played for say publicly men's team and scored 2½/6 (+1 =3 −2) with a performance excessive of 2540. The average rating constantly her opponents (R_c) was 2598.^[83]

In deceive September, she came in first damage the 2007 Chinese Women's Zonal (3.5) tournament in Tianjin with a characteristic of 8/9 (+7 =2 −0, TPR 2675).^[84] In October 2007, she competed at the twelfth European Club Prize in Kemer, Turkey for team Southern Ural Cheliabinsk. Hou played on aim for two for the team, which ended fourth in the women's tournament. Proclaim the individual women's standings, Hou came in fifth with a score have a high regard for 5/7 (+3 =4 −0) and exceptional performance rating of 2556.^[85][86]

From 26 Oct to 3 November, she competed storeroom Team China at the second Asiatic Indoor Games in Macau. The state-owned team won team gold in picture classic chess mixed team event shrivel 11 match points (18½ game evidence out of 24). The Chinese band members were Zhao Xue, Xu Yuhua, Hou Yifan, Wang Hao, Ni Hua, and Bu Xiangzhi.^[87] Hou Yifan won an individual gold medal for crack up board two display with a best of 5½/6 (+5 =1 −0; 91.7%) and a performance rating of 2649.^[88][89]

Hou participated in the 2007 season give an account of the China Chess League, officially painstaking as the "Torch Real Estate Drink Chinese Chess League Division A". She played for the Shandong Qilu Ebb News Chess Team, who became say publicly 2007 champions when they defeated high-mindedness 2006 champion Beijing team, 3½ resign yourself to 1½.^[90]

2008

In the January Corus 2008 cheat tournament in Wijk aan Zee, Hou competed in Group B where she finished in a tie for seventh–tenth place (ninth by tiebreak) achieving 6/13 (+3 −4 =6) with a efficient rating of 2598. She scored victories over three grandmasters, including a 23-move win over former World Champion contender Nigel Short.^[91]

In February 2008, Hou gained her first Grandmaster norm (GM norm) at the Aeroflot Open in Moscow by finishing in 31st place strip off a score of 4½/9 (+2 =5 −2, TPR 2605).^[92][93] This was followed in March 2008 with a bring down at the first Atatürk International Troop Masters Chess Tournament (cat. IX (2461)) in Istanbul, Turkey where she on target a point ahead of the agree of the field on 7/9 (+5 =4 −0) with a performance paygrade of 2674.^[94][95] Her victory in that tournament earned her a GM type conditional on FIDE ratifying then WGM Zhao Xue's attainment of her GM title.^[96] However this GM norm was not used in her eventual out of kilter grandmaster title application.^[97]

In April 2008, she competed in Mérida, Spain at leadership second Ruy Lopez Chess Festival combat. In the category XV (2616) round-robin event she finished seventh out capture eight players with 2/7 (+1, =2, −4) and a rating performance remark 2467.^[98][99]

Hou competed in the Chinese Brome League again in the 2008 time, which had eighteen rounds in sise different cities from March to Lordly. Hou's teammates were GM Bu Xiangzhi, GM Zhao Jun, GM Wen Yang, and WGM Zhang Jilin.^[90]

In May–June 2008, she became the Chinese Women's Soldier for the second consecutive time concluded 9/11 points (+7 =4 −0) greet Beijing and a performance of 2599.^[100][101] At the July 2008 First Weekday GM Tournament in Budapest, Hou was top seed, but came in in two shakes place with 9/12, missing a GM norm by half a point. Unqualified performance rating was 2574.^[102]

In August 2008 she competed in the World Adolescent Chess Championship held at Gaziantep, Gallinacean where she competed in the accepted ("boys'") section for the first repulse in her career. She was picture only girl in this section instruction was the sixteenth seed on ethics entrant's list.^[103] Hou finished joint third–seventh on 9/13 (+6 =6 −1), completion a performance rating of 2661^[104] service her second GM norm.^[105]

In August–September 2008, she competed in her second Women's World Chess Championship at Nalchik, Land. She had qualified by being skirt of the six highest rated actresses from the average of the July 2006–January 2007 period. In this knockouttournament, she was seeded third out prop up 64 players. She defeated WGM Mona Khaled (Egypt) 2–0 in the precede round and WGM Batkhuyagiin Möngöntuul (Mongolia), 2–0 in the second. In position round, she had to go work to rule rapidplayoffs to eventually beat IM Elena Sedina (Italy) 3–1 (1–1, 2–0). Response the quarterfinals she defeated Armenian Shroud Lilit Mkrtchian 1½–½, followed by Asiatic GM Humpy Koneru, the second kernel, in the semifinals (4–2 overall, 1–1, 1–1, 2–0). She lost the encouragement to Alexandra Kosteniuk of Russia, 2½–1½. Nonetheless, she became the youngest insinuating finalist for the Women's World Encouragement title, earning an automatic International Master hand (IM) title and a "runner-up 9-game grandmaster norm", her third official GM norm overall. Her performance rating contribution the entire championship was 2536.^[106]

Hou participated at the first World Mind Athleticss Games in Beijing from 3–18 Oct as a member of the Asiatic team, winning the bronze medal engage the Women's Individual Blitz event, excellence gold medal in the Mixed Pairs Rapid event (with Ni Hua), honourableness silver medal in the Women's Teams Blitz event, and the gold honour in the Women's Teams Rapid circumstance. In mid-late October, playing board lone for team Spartak Vidnoe in primacy thirteenth European Club Cup held temporary secretary Kallithea, Greece she scored 2/4 (+1 −1 =2, TPR 2448) helping throw away team to a second-place finish. Snatch shortly thereafter she played in greatness Cap d'Agde Rapid tournament from 24 October to 1 November,^[107] losing cue former world champion Anatoly Karpov hold your attention a tiebreaker match at the uncontrolled of the qualifying stage, despite alluring the second tiebreak game.^[108]

At the 38 Chess Olympiad in Dresden from 12 to 25 November, she played submit the number 1 board in authority Chinese women's team.^[109] Although her body did not win a prize, she still placed third in the feature board prize.^[110] She played in from time to time round with a final result possession 7½/11 (+5, =5, −1, TPR 2563).^[111]

At the 79th FIDE Congress, held absurdity 16–26 November 2008 in Dresden, Deutschland, her GM title was approved invention her the 27th Chinese Grandmaster.^[112] Shrewd three approved GM norms were:^[97]

This calculated that Hou Yifan reached her tertiary grandmaster norm on 12 September 2008 at the age of 14 duration, 6 months, 16 days, making rustle up one of the youngest grandmasters take delivery of history, as well as the youngest female.

2009

Hou Yifan competed in loftiness Grandmaster Group B of the 71st Corus chess tournament in Wijk aan Zee from 16 January to 1 February 2009.^[113] She was seeded duodecimal out of fourteen players and through joint ninth–tenth with a performance depression of 2620.^[114] Between 7–19 March, she finished third in the FIDE Women's Grand Prix Tournament in Istanbul, grading 8/11 (+6=4–1, TPR 2649).

From 12 to 23 May, she competed certified the 8th Asia Continental Chess Aid at the Subic Exhibition and Symposium Center, Subic Bay Freeport Zone behave Olongapo City, Philippines.^[115] She scored 7½/11 with a 2640 performance, finishing 7th out of 86 on tiebreak. By means of finishing in the top ten she qualified for the 2009 World Jug.

From 9–15 August 2009 at righteousness Jubilee Open, Zürich, she won significance "best female player" prize by forthcoming joint seventeenth with 6½/9 (+5 −1 =3, TPR 2590).^[116][117] From 19 Grand to 1 September at the NH Hotels Risings Stars vs Experienced, Amsterdam, she finished with a score presumption 3½/10 (+1 −4 =5, TPR 2548). She was defeated in the cap round at the Chess World Flagon 2009, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, 20 November – 15 December 2009.

2010

In January, she finished with 4½/9 at the Moscow Open. In February, she finished goslow 4/9 at the Aeroflot Open. Extract April, she won the third Kuala Lumpur Open 7.5/9 (+6 = 2, TPR 2730).^[118] In August, she won the 2010 Women's Grand Prix confined Mongolia.^[119]

In October, she was on table two for Cercle d'Echecs de Cards Carlo in the 15th European Staff Cup for Women held in City, Bulgaria. She helped her team cuddle a gold medal win with expert 4.5/6 score (+3 =3, TPR 2651).^[120]

In November, she won the women's manifest gold medal in the 16th Dweller Games in Guangzhou, China. She ready with 8½/9 and with a execution rating of 2798.^[121] She won alternate gold medal from the women's unit event, representing China as the eminent board, along with her teammates Ju Wenjun, Zhao Xue, Huang Qian leading Wang Yu,^[122] beating Uzbekistan 2½–1½ fulfil the final.

In December she won the Women's World Chess Championship 2010 in Hatay, Turkey, making her prestige youngest women's world champion in narration. Her compatriot Ruan Lufei was present opponent in the finals. After quaternary games at classical time controls, decency score was tied at 2–2, on the other hand Hou won the rapid playoffs 3–1 to take the title. Her description rating was 2585.

2011

In January 2011 she was due to take zone in the Gibraltar Chess Festival, on the other hand pulled out because of a kinsmen illness.^[123] In April, she won rectitude First Women Master Tournament in Wuxi with a 7/9 score (+6 −1 =2, TPR 2639).^[124]

In June, she took part in a tournament in Bharat, the AAI International Grandmasters Chess Event 2011.^[125] She finished with a deadly last place, but in August, she rebounded to win clear first spring in the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 tournament in Rostov, Russia.^[126] She then went on to win distinction second Grand Prix stage in Shenzhen in September 2011.^[127]

In August, she took part in the Chess World Prize 2011 in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. She was one of the two female sward in the 128-player single-elimination tournament. Stress opponent for the first round was Sergei Movsesian, to whom she misplaced 2–0, resulting in her elimination.^[128]

In Oct she played on board one convoy team Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo speak the 16th European Club Cup chaste women held in Rogaska Slatina, Slovenija. Her top rated team placed top-hole disappointing 4th place, with Hou do 4/6 (+4 −2, TPR 2526)

In November Hou successfully defended her women's world champion title in the Women's World Chess Championship 2011 in Tirana, Albania against Koneru Humpy. Hou won 3 games and drew 5 be of advantage to the ten-game match, winning the honour with two games to spare. Renounce performance rating for the match was 2741.

Beginning December, Hou played control the 2011 SportAccord World Mind Fun, held in Beijing, China which consisted of 3 events, rapid, blitz build up blindfold. She placed joined 5–7th, Ordinal on tiebreaks with a 4/7 sign (+2 −1 =4) in the high-speed portion, but winning both the shuck attack and the blindfold portions with 11.5/15 (+9 −1 = 5) and 5.5/7 (+5 −1 =1) scores respectively.

Afterwards, Hou played for China in birth Women's World Chess Team Championship flash Mardin, Turkey. The 5 person plan, arranged according to rating, consisted notice herself, WGM Ju Wenjun, GM Zhao Xue, WGM Tan Zhongyi and WGM Zhang Xiaowen. China was the clear-cut winner with 16 match points, taking accedence lost but one match to Ukrayina in the 8th round and prepossessing the rest, ahead of the runner-up Russia by three match points. Sakartvelo grabbed bronze with 12 match evidence. Hou scored five points from integrity seven games she played (Wenjun simulated the first board for Round 1 and Round 2) (+3 = 4, TPR 2648).^[129]

2012

Hou started 2012 by operation equal first place at Tradewise analogous Nigel Short at the Gibraltar Brome Festival scoring 8/10 (+7 −1 =2) with a tournament performance of 2872. She came second on tiebreak conj at the time that she lost the 2 game husk playoff against Short by 1.5–0.5.^[130] She scored 5/7 against the 7 GMs she played rated 2700 or more. This included 4 wins against Zoltán Almási (2717), Judit Polgár (2710) (Polgar's first loss against a female sportswoman after 22 years^[131]), Lê Quang Liêm (2714) and Alexei Shirov (2710), 2 draws against Michael Adams (2724) gift Shakhriyar Mamedyarov (2747), whilst her inimitable loss came against Krishnan Sasikiran (2700) in a close endgame of Puzzling (with a pawn up) versus R+R with black.^[132]

From 6 to 13 Walk, she played and finished joint 2nd–8th in the 2012 Reykjavik Open 7/9 (+5 =4, TPR 2677). From 27 March to 7 April, she participated in the 2012 China Chess Single Tournament Group A, the determiner past its best China's National Champion. She finished disjoint 7th–9th, 7th by tiebreak. 5/11 (+1 −2 =8; TPR 2560).

From 13 April to 19 April, Hou distressed in the 2012 Bangkok Chess Truncheon open. Seeded third by rating, she finished 14th, 6/9 (+4 −1 = 4; TPR 2500).

From 29 Hawthorn to 7 June, she played enhance the 3rd Hainan Danzhou Grand Chieftain Chess Tournament that traditionally showcased leadership top 10 highest rated Chinese choose, although the two highest rated dramatis personae at the time Wang Hao put up with Li Chao did not participate. Stone 6th by rating, Hou finished reliably 10th and last place with 3/9.^[133]

From 9 June to 22 June, Hou played in the 4th leg assert the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 held in Kazan, Russia. Coming like a flash off the heels of the late completed Chinese Men's super tournament regulate Danzhou, she started off slowly fellow worker 2 points in the first 5 rounds before closing strongly with 4 wins in the final 6 patrolman. She finished joint 3rd–4th. 7/11 (+5 −2 = 4; TPR 2604).

From 16 July to 19 July, Hou played in the 5th leg representative the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 held in Jermuk, Armenia. She won the event with a 7/11 fastest (+4 −1 =6, TPR 2598). That victory added to her victories family unit Rostov 2011 and Shenzeng 2011 prefabricated Hou the winner of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 and bound 1 for herself the challenger spot choose the Women's World Chess Championship 2013.

At the 40th Chess Olympiad kept in Istanbul, Turkey from 27 Honorable to 10 September 2012, Hou Yifan led the Chinese women's chess gang to a second place, silver award finish. Hou won the gold garnish for individual performance on board 1 with a 2645 TPR, 6.5/9 nick (+4, =5). During the competition she was presented with the Caissa Beaker, which honors the female player come to get the best chess results during authority year.

From 8 October to 17 October, Hou played in the Inhabitant Chess Club Cup 2012 as out member of team, Cercle d'Echecs unapproachable Monte-Carlo. She played board 1 reach 4.5/6 score (+4 −1 =1, TPR 2609) and her heavily favored kit out swept the round robin competition glossed a 7–0 score.

From 19 Oct to 27 October, Hou played mosquito the main even of 16th Univé Hoogeveen Chess Festival as part accustomed the Univé Crown Group, a link player double round robin tournament. Excellence average rating of the participants was 2695, making this a category 18 tournament. Hou finished in last oust with a 2/6 score (−2 =4, TPR 2605).^[134]

In an interview in Metropolis she said that she was sundrenched to start studying international relations shock defeat Beijing University in September. She voiced articulate that she was glad China was moving away from its one-child design, she would have liked to plot had a brother or sister, viewpoint she knew of women who challenging been forced to have abortions.^[135]

In Nov 2012 she was knocked out sieve the second round of the Women's World Chess Championship 2012. As rank winner of FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012 she earned the right terminate challenge the new champion in leadership Women's World Chess Championship 2013.^[136]

During 12 to 19 December, Hou concluded description year by participating in the 2012 SportAccord World Mind Games, competing coerce the 3 disciplines of Rapid, Barrage and Blindfold. In the rapid sponsor, she placed second on tiebreaks trusty a 5/7 score (+4 −1 =2, TPR 2713). For the blitz be unsuccessful, she placed 7th by tiebreaks sound out a 7/15 score (+6 −7 =2, TPR 2487). In the blindfold backing, she won with a 6/7 chemical analysis (+6 −1).

2013

Hou was invited unearth participate in the 2013 Tata Construct Chess Tournament Grandmaster A group be next to Wijk aan Zee from 12 perform 27 January. This was a Variety 20 event, and her first supertournament participation. She was the lowest Elo rated player at 2603 and planted 14th. She surpassed initial expectations uninviting finishing 11/14 with a 5.5/13 top (+3 −5 =5, TPR 2688) inclusive of a draw against then World Assistance Viswanathan Anand. She competed in interpretation 2013 China Chess Individual Tournament Status A in Xinghua, China from 16 to 27 April. She finished temporary secretary a six-way tie for 4th add up 9th place, 4th by tie breaks, with a 5.5/11 score (+3 −3 =5, TPR 2609).^[137]

From 2 May tell off 16 May, Hou competed in class 1st leg of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–2014 held in Metropolis, Switzerland. She was the highest notable player in the event but finalize 8th/9th, including a loss to integrity Women's World Champion 2012–13, Anna Ushenina. Her score was 5/11 (+3 −4 = 4, TPR 2470).

From 11 to 14 June, she played dexterous four-game match with David Navara represent the CEZ Chess Trophy 2013. Boxing match four games ended in draws, desirable the winner would be decided moisten tie breaks. After each player won with white in the blitz abundance, an armageddon game won by Hou, as black, gave her the give. Her performance rating for the traditional games was 2707.^[138]

From 30 June let down 3 July, Hou was part acquire the team representing China in blue blood the gentry 4th Asian Martial Arts Games reserved in Incheon, South Korea. She won a gold medal in the archetype portion of the event with simple 6.5/7 score (+6 =1). In Sedate, she took part in the Cheat World Cup 2013 in Tromsø, Noreg. She was one of four warm participants in the 128-player single-elimination match. Her opponent for the first protection was Alexei Shirov. After two draws in the classical portion of leadership match, they proceeded to tiebreaks. Hou won the first rapid game region white and lost the second rule black. In the next tiebreaker kick in the teeth she lost both games resulting connect her elimination.

As the winner introduce the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2011–2012, Hou won the right to argue Anna Ushenina in a 10-game clone for the world title. Scheduled unearth 10 to 27 September, the Women's World Chess Championship 2013 was impressed in Taizhou, Jiangsu, China. She won the match in 7 games date a 5.5–1.5 score (+4 =3, TPR 2730) regaining her championship title.^[139]

From 19 to 26 October, Hou played rework the European Chess Club Cup 2013 as a member of team, Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo. She played timber 1 with 5/6 score (+4 =2, TPR 2736) and for the following year in a row, her line-up swept the round robin competition get a message to a 7–0 score. From 12 about 18 December, she played in character SportAccord World Mind Games in nobility chess discipline. The tournament consisted sustaining three events: rapid, blitz and illustriousness basque system. In the rapid exposition, Hou scored 5/7 (+3 = 4, TPR 2691) capturing the silver ribbon. In the blitz event, she won the gold medal with a 21.5/30 score (+19 −6 =5, ). Famed was that during the second hour of the blitz event, Hou accomplished a near perfect 9.5/10 score. Unfailingly the final event played under integrity basque system, Hou won the silverware medal on tiebreaks with a 7/10 score (+7 −3).^[140]

2014

From 11 to 22 March, Hou competed in the 2014 China Chess Individual Tournament Group Well-organized in Xinghua, her birthplace.^[2] She improve played against the men in representation open section rather than in say publicly women's section. She finished in Ordinal place with a 5.5/11 score (+2 −3 =6, TPR 2558).^[141]

From 14 July to 24 July, Hou played stop in full flow the grandmaster section of the dignified Biel chess tournament. This was precise six player category 19 event partner an average rating of 2717 in opposition to Hou being the lowest rated thespian. She started with a win pay the bill Anish Giri and was tied present second entering the final round leading could take joint first place in and out of winning her final game against Pendyala Harikrishna. While she wound up forfeiture the final game, Hou still difficult a successful tournament, finishing joint 3rd–5th with a 5/10 score (+2 −2 =6, TPR 2734).^[142]

From 1 August turn into 14 August, Hou participated in Ordinal Chess Olympiad in Tromsø, Norway by the same token board one of the top sown Chinese Women's team. The team anxious off six straight wins before succumbing to the second seeded Russian cast with Hou losing her individual business, as black, to Kateryna Lagno. She ended the Olympiad with a 7/9 score (+6 −1 = 2, TPR 2671) leading her team to prestige silver medal. Her own performance was good enough to receive the sterling medal for board one.^[143]

Hou is character winner of FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14. From 8 April to 22 April, she played in the Ordinal stage in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. Opening refined 3 straight victories, she dominated unearth start to finish. Several times pass for white she eschewed her regular 1.e4 opening move and began with 1.c4 and 1.g3. She finished in Ordinal place with an 8.5/11 score (+6 =5, TPR 2695).^[144] From 18 June to 2 July, she played flimsy the 5th stage in Lopota, Colony. Leading from start to finish, she won with a 9/11 score (+7 = 4, TPR 2773), a filled two points over her nearest competitors.^[145] From 24 August to 6 Sep, she competed in the 6th arm final stage in Sharjah, United Arabian Emirates. She finished joint first set about Ju Wenjun with an 8.5/11 assay (+6 =5, TPR 2686).^[146]

At the last leg, the tournament's official awards, Billowing and Small Cups of Grand Prix, designed and manufactured by the Lobortas Classic Jewelry House, were presented. Despite the fact that the winner of the 2013–2014 Immense Prix Series, Hou Yifan was gravely awarded the Small Cup during high-mindedness official closing ceremony of the competition.

During 13 to 21 September, she competed at the 18th European Staff Cup held in Bilbao, Spain. Previously again she was the top mark for Cercle d'Echecs de Monte-Carlo heavenly the individual gold medal for take it easy performance 5/6 (+4 =2, TPR 2749) while leading her team to fastidious second-place finish.^[147]

With the postponement of loftiness Women's World Chess Championship 2014^[148] she played in the Corsican Chess Method in October and won, beating Sergey Fedorchuk in the final. This has been described as the most elder tournament yet to be won coarse a female player other than Judit Polgár.^{[149][150][151]}

From 11 to 18 December, Hou played in the 2014 SportAccord Pretend Mind Games held in Beijing, Crockery. The Mind Games consists of pull tournaments in 3 disciplines: rapid, maneuver and basque. In the rapid reasonably priced, she placed second capturing the hollowware medal, losing only to Valentina Gunina, the eventual event winner. Her work was 5/7 (+4 −1 = 3, rapid TPR 2672). She won prestige gold medal in the blitz affair with a 22.5/30 score (+20 −5 = 5, TPR 2718). Especially singular in her blitz tournament was haunt performance pushed her official blitz assessment to 2704, making her the subordinate female player to cross the 2700 barrier in any rating format. Beginning the final basque system event, Hou took home another gold medal accost an 8.5/10 score (+7 =3).^[152]

When Hou turned twenty one in 2015 she lost her junior status. She complete the year, and her junior performing career, as the reigning Women's Existence Chess Champion, the 2nd highest stringent female player, the highest rated kid, the 4th highest rated junior present-day the 71st highest overall rated forceful player with a FIDE rating topple 2673.^[153]

2015

Hou once again played in rank 2015 edition of Tata Steel Brome Tournament held from 15 to 25 January. She was the 12th grain out of 14 total participants bland the Category 20 Master group reprove finished 11th with a 5/13 score(+1 −4 = 8, TPR 2670). Make your mind up she performed approximately according to the brush rating, Hou had winning chances be sure about a few of her games come first even missed a drawing chance be realistic world champion Magnus Carlsen after watchman a difficult position as black in line for most of the game.

Shortly funding, she returned to the scene scrupulous her greatest chess tournament triumph, grandeur Gibraltar Chess Festival 2015 held detach from 27 January to 4 February. Sown 13th by rating, she placed syndrome 3rd–11th, 3rd by performance with dexterous 7.5/10 score (+5 =5, TPR 2772) pushing her FIDE rating to 2686. She also won the 1st mine prize for being the highest grading female player. Her excellent performance dash this event resulted in her grade surpassing Judit Polgár's classic rating make public the first time in the Walk 2015 FIDE rating list, ending Polgár's 26 consecutive years reign as grandeur top rated female player in honourableness world. For the first time owing to Maia Chiburdanidze in January 1989 put in order single individual was both the take into the public sector rated woman player and the authoritative Women's World Chess Champion.^[154]

She played handset the Hawaii Grandmaster Challenge 2015 attach importance to March, a two-day four player quartette blitz and rapid round robin chapter. She began the first day portend a 3.5/6 score before crushing accompaniment opponents the second day with fin straight wins and a draw be of advantage to the final game easily winning picture event with a 9/12 score. Owing to this event conflicted with the Women's World Chess Championship 2015 she waive her title to Mariya Muzychuk bulk the conclusion of the Championship.^[155]

Hou phony in the Nakhchivan Open 2015 run to ground from 1 to 11 May. Germ 3rd by rating, she finished make happen a nine-way tie for joint 4th–12th with a 6/9 score (+5 −2 =2, TPR 2581).^[156]

She played in goodness 2015 edition of Dortmund Sparkassen Bromegrass Meeting which ran from 27 June to 5 July. With an mundane rating of 2724, it qualified though a Category 20 supertournament. Hou ripened in joint 7th/8th with a 2.5/7 score (−2 =5, TPR 2629)^[157]

Hou has been chosen as the first FIDE Presidential nominee for Chess World Trophy 2015 held in Baku from 10 September to 5 October. She thought it past the first round blond a World Cup for the pull it off time in her career before mislaying in the second round 1.5–2.5 authenticate Shakhriyar Mamedyarov after the 1st submerged of rapid tiebreaks. Her performance excessive was 2685 for the event.^[158]

From 2 October to 15 October, Hou competed in the 1st leg of honesty FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2015–16 booked in Monte Carlo, Monaco. She going on the event slowly, with a 2.5/4 score going into the first young day. This included a loss be rival Humpy Koneru before stringing squeezed together a streak of six wins, win the tournament with one round taint spare. Her final score was 911 (+8 −1 = 2, TPR 2766).^[159]

She participated in an exhibition match averse Parimarjan Negi held in the Brome Club and Scholastic Center of Venerate Louis from 12 to 15 Nov. The four-day event showcased a frost chess variant each day: Basque Cheat, Rapid Chess960, Rapid Chess and Carapace Chess with each game played affixing for 1 point in determining rectitude winner. Hou easily won the match: 0–2 in Basque, 3.5–0.5 in Chess960, 3–1 in Rapid Chess, and 4.5–3.5 in Blitz with a total top of 11–7.^[160]

As part of the stratum Russian-Chinese Match of Friendship chess holy day held from 13 to 15 Dec held in Shanghai, China, Hou participated in an exhibition match with goodness GM Evgeniy Najer the 2015 Inhabitant Champion. Playing a series of lasting and blitz games, she won completely convincingly with a 9.5 to 4.5 score.^[161]

In the last chess event motionless the year, the 2nd edition presentation the 2015 Qatar Masters Open kept from 19 to 30 December press Doha, Qatar, Hou was the Twenty-second highest rated player in the head-to-head but finished in 38th place delete a 5.5/9 score (+3 −1 =5, TPR 2591). The result was flush good enough to win the suspend women's prize by a full point.^[162]

2016

For the third time, Hou competed grip the top group of the Tata Steel Chess Tournament held from 15 to 31 January. This year she was seeded 13th out of 14 participants in this Category 20 ground. She started strongly, going +1 instruct in her first six games before rickety with four losses in the consequent five games. She placed 12th accelerate a 5/13 score(+1 −4 = 8, TPR 2672).

In early February, Hou played and won in a four-game match against Cristobal Henriquez Villagra overfull Punta Arenas. Billed as a Bicontinental Chess Match, it was scheduled comprehensively be played in two locations, on the other hand due to inclement weather, they were unable to play in Antarctica. She won the match with a 2.5–1.5 score(+2 −1 =1, TPR 2584).

Qualifying for the Women's World Chess Patronage 2016, in March, as the maintain of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix 2013–14, she reclaimed the World Espousal title from Mariya Muzychuk in Lviv, Ukraine with a 6–3 score (+3 =6, TPR 2685).

From 23–26 Tread Hou played in a four theatrical 3 round classical/3 round rapid thrush tournament to determine the qualifier primed the 4th edition of Norway Bromegrass. She finished in 3rd place affair a 1/3 score (−1 =2, TPR 2531) in the classical portion move 2/1 score (+2 −1, TPR 2716) in the rapid portion.

In Could, Hou dropped out of the present Women's World Championship cycle, effectively renunciation the crown. She explained her grounds in a Chessbase interview, mainly objecting to the format wherein the Women's World Champion is decided alternately gross a knockout tournament and then well-organized match. She also expressed her favour to participate in the cycle assuming the format were amended to speculum that of the World Chess Championship.^[163]

She played in the Vugar Gashimov Marker, a category 20 tournament held quantity, Shamkir Azerbaijan, from 26 May decide 4 June. She was the one-ninth seed out of ten participants mushroom finished in last place with unmixed 2.5/10 score (−4 = 5, TPR 2578)

Hou played in the Eurasiatic Blitz Cup from 17–20 June fragment Almaty, Kazakhstan. Seeded 17th on prestige strength of her 2704 blitz evaluation, she came in 29th place exhausted a 12.5/22 score (+10 −7 = 5, TPR 2650). Among the somebody competitors, while having a superior completion rating, she came in second relate to Harika Dronavalli on tiebreaks.

2017

At primacy Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival, Hou complete with a score of 6/10 (the tournament was won by Hikaru Nakamura). Her round 7 win against picture French master Borya Ider, in which she made an early positional yielding up of queen for two minor unnerve, was described as "truly astonishing" alongside organizer and chess journalist John Saunders.^[164] In the final round, she emerged to throw her game against Asiatic Grandmaster Lalith Babu, playing a weird opening and resigning after 5 moves. She later explained that she was upset about being paired against further female players in 7 of break through 9 previous games of a Land system tournament, despite men far outnumbering women at the tournament.^[165][166] However competition organizer Brian Callaghan said the pairings were simply the result of graceful computer program.^[167]

Hou Yifan was one close the eyes to 24 players selected to play valve the FIDE Grand Prix 2017, organized qualification stage for the World Brome Championship 2018. She reached position 17 in the final standings, and consequently was not able to qualify be selected for the Championship.

She declined to shelter her title at the Women's Fake Chess Championship 2017, and as clean up result forfeited her title.^[168]

In April she participated at the Grenke Classic dead even Baden-Baden. She finished 5th out make famous eight players, beating Fabiano Caruana beam drawing against Magnus Carlsen after getting come close to winning.^[169]

In June she re-entered the top 100 players, chimpanzee world no. 85.

In August, she was clear first at the Session 16 50th Biel Chess Festival get together 6.5/9 points (+5 −1 =3, TPR 2810).^[170]

In September she competed in goodness Chess World Cup 2017, where she went out in a second here tiebreak to Levon Aronian, the decisive winner.

2018

In January she competed scam the Tata Steel tournament in Wijk aan Zee as the only spouse in the field of 14 squint, placing last with a score use your indicators 2.5/13 (+0−8=5).

From 31 March have a high opinion of 9 April, she participated in ethics 5th Grenke Chess Classic. She complete equal 8th–9th out of ten gather a score of 3½/9 (+0 –2 =7).^[171]

2019

In December, she won the 2019 Belt and Road World Chess Female Summit with 5/7 points.^[172]

Rating

Rated 2686 satisfy the March 2015 FIDErating list, Hou was the world no. 59 actor and world no. 1 woman actor (overtaking the recently retired Judit Polgár's rating for the first time). Grouping 1 July 2006, she was nobleness youngest ever player to enter description Top 50 Women (Number 8)^[173] attend to Top 20 Girls (Number 2)^[174] FIDE lists aged 12 (rated 2488), owing to FIDE began releasing these lists undecided 2000.^{[citation needed]}

Between the April 2006 cope with July 2006 FIDE rating lists, she gained an impressive 190 rating outcome from a rating of 2298 skin a rating of 2488,^[175] which through her the eighth highest rated motherly player, and the second highest make good girl, in the world.^{[citation needed]}

Hou hype a four-time winner of the free Caissa Cup^[176] as the best individual player of the year (2010, 2011, 2013, 2014).

Openings

Hou Yifan primarily plays 1.e4 as White. As Black, she usually plays the Sicilian Defence (including the Najdorf and Dragon variations) orang-utan well as the French Defence desecrate 1.e4, while against 1.d4 she plays the Nimzo-Indian, Bogo-Indian and Queen's Soldier defences.^[177][178]

Yifan's favorite opening is the Sicilian.^[179]

Notable games

On 25 January 2008, Hou as Black beat GM Archangel Sargissian (2676) of Armenia, longtime secondly of Levon Aronian, in the Corus (Group B) tournament, Wijk aan Izzard, Netherlands:

1. d4 e6 2. c4 Nf6 3. Nf3 b6 4. g3 Ba6Queen's Indian Defense: Fianchetto. Nimzowitsch Change (E15) 5. Qc2 Bb4+ 6. Bd2 Be7 7. e4 d5 8. cxd5 Bxf1 9. Kxf1 exd5 10. e5 Ne4 11. Nc3 Nxd2+ A . 12. Nxd2 Qd7 13. Kg2 Nc6 14. Qa4 0-0 15. Rac1 f6? 1 Nxe5 7 Nxd7 7 Bb4 3 +/−; better was 8. 16. f4 fxe5 17. dxe5 Bb4 18. Rhf1 Rac8 19. Ne2 Nxe5 20. Qxb4 Nd3 21. Qb3 Nxc1 22. Nxc1 Rce8 23. Nf3 Qf5 24. Rf2 c5 25. Qd3 Qe4 26. Rd2 d4 27. Qxe4 Rxe4 28. Nd3 Re6 29. h4 Rc8 30. a4 a6 31. Nfe5 b5 32. a5 g6 33. Rc2 c4 34. Nb4 Rf8 35. b3 d3 36. Rd2 Rc8 37. Rd1 Rd6 38. Kf3 d2 39. bxc4 bxc4 40. Nc2 c3 41. Ke2 Rd5 42. Ng4 Rxa5 43. Nge3 Rd8 44. Rb1 Ra2 45. Kd1 Rb2 46. Ra1 Rdb8 47. Rxa6 Rb1+ 48. Ke2 Rc1 49. Rc6 Re8 0–1 If 3, then 2 follows. Venture 3, then ...d1=Q+.

Views

Male–female skill gap parallel the top-level

Hou claimed that there hold many reasons for the lack aristocratic female contenders at the chess critical. She says there is a fleshly aspect to long chess games rove might advantage men, and that lower ranks generally work harder at chess outshine women growing up. She uses Asian girls as an example and the reality out that most prefer a symmetrical life, prioritizing things such as sanitarium and family life at the price of working on chess. But she claims there also are external factors: girls playing chess growing up plot only encouraged to compete for goodness girl's title, which might lower their motivation.^[180]

See also

References