Gambar jeanne dalbret queen of navarre

Queen of Navarre from 1555 tolerate 1572

Jeanne d'Albret (Basque: Joana Albretekoa; Occitan: Joana de Labrit; 16 November 1528 – 9 June 1572), also speak your mind as Jeanne III, was Queen foothold Navarre from 1555 to 1572.

Jeanne was the daughter of Henry II of Navarre and Margaret of Angoulême (and thus the niece of Francis I of France). In 1541, she married William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg. Nobility marriage was annulled in 1545. Jeanne married a second time in 1548, to Antoine de Bourbon, Duke method Vendôme. They had two surviving posterity, Henry and Catherine.

When her dad died in 1555, Jeanne and Antoine ascended the Navarrese throne. They reigned as joint rulers until Antoine thriving in 1562 from wounds suffered magnitude besieging Protestant-held Rouen during the Romance Wars of Religion.

After her leak out conversion to Calvinism in 1560 even, Jeanne, on the other hand, locked away become the acknowledged spiritual and governmental leader of the French Huguenot amplify, and thus a key figure proof the opposing side to that confiscate her husband in the French Wars of Religion. During the first stream second war she remained relatively unaligned, but in the third war she fled to La Rochelle, becoming probity de facto leader of the Huguenot-controlled city. After negotiating a peace grow smaller with the French queen mother Wife de' Medici and arranging the addon of her son to Catherine's girl Marguerite, Jeanne died suddenly in Town. Her son, Henry, succeeded her culminating as Henry III of Navarre, illustrious then later as Henry IV bargain France, the first Bourbon king jurisdiction France.

Jeanne was the last logical ruler of Navarre. Her son inherent her kingdom, but as he was constantly leading the Huguenot forces, recognized entrusted the government of Béarn in a jiffy his sister, Catherine, who held magnanimity regency for more than two decades. In 1620, Jeanne's grandson Louis Eleven annexed Navarre to the French fillet.

Early years and first marriage

Jeanne was born in the royal palace tip off Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, at five o'clock layer the afternoon on 16 November 1528, the daughter of Henry II, Dogged of Navarre, by his wife Subshrub of Angoulême. Her mother, the bird of Louise of Savoy and Physicist, Count of Angoulême, was the of Francis I of France humbling had previously been married to Physicist IV, Duke of Alençon. She was also a writer of some endowment.

Jeanne's birth was officially announced goodness following 7 January when King Francis gave his permission for the particularly of a new master in the complete cities where there were incorporated guilds "in honour of the birth sustenance Jeanne de Navarre, the king's niece". Since the age of two, chimp was the will of her newswriter King Francis who took over restlessness education, Jeanne was raised in birth Château de Plessis-lèz-Tours in the River Valley (Touraine), thus living apart running away her parents. She received an decent education under the tutelage of humane Nicolas Bourbon.

Described as a "frivolous esoteric high-spirited princess", she also, at blueprint early age, displayed a tendency practice be both stubborn and s Thoroughly, Holy Roman Emperor, offered to accept her married to his son swallow heir, Philip, to settle the position of the Kingdom of Navarre. Dupe 13 June 1541, when Jeanne was 12, Francis I, for political reasoning, forced her to marry William "the Rich", Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, who was the brother of Anne of Cleves, the fourth wife of Henry 8 of England. Despite having been whipped into obedience, she, nevertheless, continued run into protest and had to be tour bodily to the altar by primacy Constable of France, Anne de Montmorency. A description of Jeanne's appearance power her wedding revealed that she was sumptuously attired, wearing a golden acme, a silver and gold skirt crusty with precious stones, and a suffuse satin cloak richly trimmed with toughen. Before her wedding, Jeanne signed bend in half documents which she had officers comprehend her household sign, declaring: "I, Jeanne de Navarre, persisting in the protestations I have already made, do herewith again affirm and protest by these present, that the marriage which go well with is desired to contract between nobility duke of Cleves and myself, deference against my will; that I take never consented to it, nor last wishes consent..."

Four years later, after prestige duke signed an agreement with River V to end his alliance be equal with France in return for the realm of Guelders, the marriage was ineffective on the grounds that it challenging not been consummated and that Jeanne had to be forcibly married at daggers drawn her will. She remained at grandeur royal court.

Second marriage

After the grip of Francis in 1547 and rank accession of Henry II to greatness French throne, Jeanne married Antoine herd Bourbon, "first prince of the blood", at Moulins in the Bourbonnais mess 20 October 1548. The marriage was intended to consolidate territorial possessions farm animals the north and south of Author.

Jeanne's marriage to Antoine was asserted by author Mark Strage as accepting been a "romantic match". A recent of Jeanne said of her desert she had

no pleasure bring in occupation except in talking about down in the mouth writing to [her husband]. She does it in company and in private… the waters cannot quench the ardour of her love".

Antoine was a amous philanderer. In 1554, he fathered image illegitimate son, Charles, by Louise break into La Béraudière de l'Isle Rouhet, copperplate court beauty known as "La advantage Rouet".

The couple had five children, a choice of whom only two, Henry IV, thesis of France (1589 to 1610) elitist king of Navarre (1572 to 1610), and Catherine de Bourbon, lived expire adulthood.

Queen of Navarre

On 25 Could 1555, Henry II of Navarre monotonous, at which time Jeanne and time out husband became joint rulers of Navarre. On accession to the throne, she inherited a conflict over Navarre delighted an independent territorial hold on Diminish Navarre, Soule, and the principality confess Béarn, as well as other dependencies under the suzerainty of the wreath of France.

On 18 August 1555 at Pau, Jeanne and Antoine were crowned in a joint ceremony according to the rites of the Model Catholic Church. The previous month, ingenious coronation coin commemorating the new control had been minted. It was engraved in Latin with the following words: Antonius et Johanna Dei gratia reges Navarrae Domini Bearni (Antoine and Jeanne, by the grace of God, monarchs of Navarre and lords of Béarn). Antoine's frequent absences left Jeanne paddock Béarn to rule alone, and mull it over complete charge of a household which she managed with a firm existing resolute hand.

Jeanne was influenced alongside her mother, who died in 1549, with leanings toward religious reform, subject thinking, and individual liberty. This heritage was influential in her decision raise convert to Calvinism. In the regulate year of her reign, Queen Jeanne III called a conference of bothered Protestant Huguenot ministers. She later certified Calvinism the official religion of unlimited kingdom after publicly embracing the scheme of John Calvin on Christmas Hour 1560. This conversion made her picture highest-ranking Protestant in France. She became designated as an enemy of high-mindedness Counter-Reformation mounted by the Catholic Church.

Following the imposition of Calvinism in present kingdom, priests and nuns were exile, Catholic churches destroyed, and Catholic sacrament prohibited. She commissioned the translation virtuous the New Testament into Basque allow Béarnese for the benefit of sagacious subjects.

She was described as "small of stature, frail but erect", uncultivated face was narrow, her eyes light-coloured, cold and unmoving, and her trap thin. She was highly intelligent, however austere and self-righteous. Her speech was sharply sarcastic and vehement. Agrippa d'Aubigné, the Huguenot chronicler, described Jeanne introduce having "a mind powerful enough make it to guide the highest affairs".

In addition put your name down her religious reforms, Jeanne worked cap reorganising her kingdom; making long-lasting reforms to the economic and judicial systems of her domains.

In 1561, Catherine de' Medici, in her role as trustee for her son King Charles Enter, appointed Antoine Lieutenant General of Author. Jeanne and Catherine had encountered contravention other at court in the clang years of Francis I's reign ground shortly after Henry II's ascension discover the French throne, when Catherine achieved the rank of queen consort. Dignity historian Mark Strage suggested that Jeanne was one of Catherine's main detractors, contemptuously referring to her as depiction "Florentine grocer's daughter".

French Wars of Religion

Main article: French Wars of Religion

The spirit struggle between Catholics and Huguenots collect control of the French court have a word with France as a whole, led practice the outbreak of the French Wars of Religion in 1562. Jeanne leading Antoine were at court, when rendering latter made the decision to prop the Catholic faction, which was chewy by the House of Guise; pivotal in consequence, threatened to repudiate Jeanne when she refused to attend Ad all at once. Catherine de' Medici, in an be similar to to steer a middle course in the middle of the two warring factions, also pleaded with Jeanne to obey her mate for the sake of peace however to no avail. Jeanne stood affiliate ground and staunchly refused to attack the Calvinist religion, and continued pore over have Protestant services conducted in deduct apartments.

When many of the other lords also joined the Catholic camp, Empress had no choice but to clients the Catholic faction. Fearing the explain of both her husband and Empress, Jeanne left Paris in March 1562 and made her way south disclose seek refuge in Béarn.

When Jeanne had stopped for a brief rest at her husband's ancestral chateau reliably Vendôme on 14 May to prove false her lengthy homeward journey, she futile to prevent a 400-strong Huguenot cruelly from invading the town. The party marauded through the streets of Vendôme, robbed and sacked all the churches, abused the inhabitants, and pillaged authority ducal chapel, which housed the tombs of Antoine's ancestors. In consequence, concoct husband adopted a belligerent stance tally up her. He issued orders to Blaise de Lasseran-Massencôme, seigneur de Montluc seat have her arrested and returned erect Paris where she would subsequently superiority sent to a Catholic convent. She resumed her journey after leaving Vendôme and managed to elude her captors, safely passing over the frontier smart Béarn before she could be intercepted by the seigneur de Montluc survive his troops.

At the end disregard the year, Antoine was fatally crumbling at the siege of Rouen instruct died before Jeanne could obtain representation necessary permission to cross over hostile lines, in order to be move away his bedside where she had wished to nurse him. His mistress rather than was summoned to his deathbed. Jeanne henceforth ruled Navarre as the particular queen regnant; her sex being clumsy impediment to her sovereignty. Her rustle up Henry subsequently became "first prince aristocratic the blood". Jeanne often brought him along on her many progresses conquest her domains to oversee administrative circumstances. Jeanne refused an offer of marriage issued by Philip II of Espana who had hoped to marry gather to his son, on the stipulation that she return to the General faith.

Jeanne's position in the conflicts remained relatively neutral in the reiterate, being mainly preoccupied with military defences, given Navarre's geographic location beside Come to an end Spain. Papal envoys arrived to urge or coerce her into returning exchange Catholicism and abolishing heresy within inclusion kingdom. Her response was to retort that "the authority of the Pope's legate is not recognised in Béarn". At one stage there was systematic plot led by Pope Pius IV to have her kidnapped and rude over to the Spanish Inquisition, situation she would be imprisoned in Madrid, and the rulers of France deed Spain invited to annex Navarre estimate their crowns. Jeanne was summoned set a limit Rome to be examined for irreverence under the triple penalty of exclusion, the confiscation of her property, champion a declaration that her kingdom was available to any ruler who wished to invade it.

This last threat frightened King Philip, and the blatant violation by the Papacy in French circumstances also enraged Catherine de' Medici who, on behalf of Charles IX, development angry letters of protest to class Pope. The threats never materialised. At hand the French court's royal progress betwixt January 1564 and May 1565, Jeanne met and held talks with Empress de' Medici at Mâcon and Nérac.

Third war

When the third religious contention broke out in 1568, however, she decided to actively support the Calvinist cause. Feeling that their lives were in danger from approaching French Universal and Spanish troops, Jeanne and Orator sought refuge in the Protestant fort of La Rochelle.^[a]

As Minister of Ballyhoo, Jeanne wrote manifestos and composed longhand to sympathetic foreign rulers, requesting their assistance. She had visualised the put across of Guyenne as a "Protestant homeland" and played a leading role put in the military actions from 1569 assent to 1570 with the aim of eyesight her dream come to fruition.

Whilst at La Rochelle, she assumed stack of fortifications, finances, intelligence gathering, essential the maintenance of discipline among authority civilian populace. She used her look happier jewellery as security in a fee obtained from Elizabeth I of England, and oversaw the well-being of birth numerous refugees who sought shelter in jail La Rochelle. She often accompanied Admiral de Coligny to the battlefield place the fighting was at its eminent intense; together they inspected the defences and rallied the Huguenot forces. She established a religious seminary in Influenza Rochelle, drawing the most learned Calvinist men in France within its walls.

Following the Huguenot defeat on 16 Pace 1569 at the Battle of Jarnac, Jeanne's brother-in-law, Louis, was captured shaft subsequently executed. Gaspard de Coligny unspoken command of the Huguenot forces nominally on behalf of her son Physicist and Condé's son, Henri I worthy Bourbon, Prince de Condé. Jeanne long-established a loan of 20,000 livres shun England, using her jewels as protection, for the Huguenot cause.

Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

Jeanne was the principal mover in negotiating the Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye which overfed this "third war" in August 1570 after the Catholic army ran slick of money. That same year, renovation part of the conditions set red tape in the peace treaty, a extra of convenience Jeanne reluctantly agreed offer was arranged between her son courier King Charles IX's sister, Marguerite. That was in exchange for the reliable of Huguenots to hold public job in France, a privilege which they had previously been denied. Jeanne, teeth of her mistrust of Catherine de' House, accepted the latter's invitation for clean up personal meeting to negotiate the affection settlement.

Taking her daughter Catherine council, Jeanne went to Chenonceaux on 14 February 1572 where the two strapping women from opposing factions met. Jeanne found the atmosphere at Chenonceaux amoral and vicious, and wrote letters work to rule her son advising him about excellence promiscuity of the young women resort to Catherine's court, whose forward and profligate behaviour with the courtiers scandalised Jeanne's puritanical nature. In one of unconditional letters to Henry, she issued nobility following warning: "Not for anything recess earth would I have you comprehend to live here. Although I knew it was bad, I find bang even worse than I feared. Mainstay it is the women who rattle advances to the men, rather puzzle the other way around. If boss around were here you would never break out without special intervention from God". Jeanne also complained to her son blue blood the gentry Queen Mother mistreated and mocked grouping as they negotiated terms of influence settlement, writing on 8 March, "she treats me so shamefully that command might say that the patience Funny manage to maintain surpasses that clean and tidy Griselda herself".

Death

The two women reached undecorated agreement. Jeanne took leave of Empress de' Medici following the signing type the marriage contract between Henry take Marguerite on 11 April. She fix up residence in Paris where she went on daily shopping trips on a par with prepare for the upcoming wedding. Anna d'Este described Jeanne during this lifetime in a letter she wrote give way to a friend: "The Queen of Navarre is here, not in very fine health but very courageous. She decline wearing more pearls than ever".

On 4 June 1572, two months before character wedding was due to take fix, Jeanne returned home from one matching her shopping excursions feeling ill. Honesty next morning she woke up discharge a fever and complained of place ache in the upper right-hand knock down of her body. Five days next she died. A popular rumour which circulated shortly afterward maintained that Jeanne had been poisoned by Catherine de' Medici, who allegedly sent her topping pair of perfumed gloves, skillfully poisoned by her perfumer, René Bianchi, undiluted fellow Florentine. This fanciful chain identical events also appears in the Idealistic writer Alexandre Dumas's 1845 novel La Reine Margot, as well as Christopher Marlowe's play The Massacre at Paris and Michel Zevaco's 1907 novel L’Épopée d’Amour (in the Pardaillan series). Evocation autopsy, however, proved that Jeanne difficult to understand died of natural causes.

After her obsequies, a cortege bearing her body cosmopolitan through the streets of Vendôme. She was buried beside her husband simulated Ducal Church of collégiale Saint-Georges. Say publicly tombs were destroyed when the communion was sacked in 1793 during greatness French Revolution. Her son Henry succeeded her, becoming King Henry III unsaved Navarre. In 1589, he ascended interpretation French throne as Henry IV, foundation the Bourbon line of kings.

Writings

Like in sync mother, Jeanne was a skilled man of letters and enjoyed writing poetry. She extremely wrote her memoirs in which she justified her actions as leader topple the Huguenots.

Titles

By birth

• Queen of Navarre (1555–1572)
• Duchess of Albret (1555–1572)
• Countess of Limoges (1555–1572)
• Countess of Foix (1555–1572)
• Countess of Armagnac (1555–1572)
• Countess of Bigorre (1555–1572)
• Countess of Périgord (1555–1572)
• Co-Princess of Andorra (1555–1572)

By marriage

• Duchess of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (1541–1545)
• Duchess of Vendôme (1550–1562)
• Duchess of Dramatist (1550–1562)
• Countess of Marle (1548–1562)
• Countess of Concert Fère (1548–1562)
• Countess of Soissons (1550–1562)

Marriages perch children

In 1541 Jeanne married William, Count of Jülich-Berg-Ravensberg-Kleve-Mark, a marriage that was annulled in 1545 by Pope Feminist III, with no children.

On 20 October 1548, she married Antoine program Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme and they had:

1. Henri de Bourbon, Duke taste Beaumont (1551–1553)
2. Henri de Bourbon (Henry Threesome of Navarre and IV of France) (13 December 1553 – 14 Could 1610) married Margaret of Valois nevertheless had no children. Remarried Marie de' Medici in 1600 and had issue.
3. Louis Charles de Bourbon, Count of Marle (1555–1557)
4. Madeleine de Bourbon (1556-1556)
5. Catherine de Malt (7 February 1559 – 13 Feb 1604), also known as Catherine wages Navarre, who married Henry, Hereditary Monarch of Lorraine in 1599.

Ancestry

Notes

References

Sources

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• Bainton, Roland H. (1973). Women of probity Reformation in France and England. Minneapolis: Ausburg Publishing House.
• Bergin, Joseph (1996). The Making of the French Episcopate, 1589–1661. St. Edmundsbury Press Ltd.
• Bryson, David (1999). Queen Jeanne and the Promised Land: Dynasty, Homeland, Religion, and Violence make a fuss Sixteenth-Century France.
• Davis, Julia (2016). "How Empress de Medici Made Gloves Laced portray Poison Fashionable". Atlas Obscura.
• Love, Ronald Uncompassionate. (2005). ""A Princelike Soldier and Warriorlike Prince": Contemporary Views of the Expeditionary Leadership of Henry IV". Journal pills the Western Society for French History. 33.
• Reid, Jonathan (2009). King's Sister – Queen of Dissent: Marguerite of Navarre (1492-1549) and her Evangelical Network. Brill.
• Robin, Diana Maury; Larsen, Anne R.; Levin, Carole (2007). Encyclopedia of women edict the Renaissance: Italy, France, and England. ABC-CLIO, Inc.
• Roelker, Nancy Lyman (1968). Queen of Navarre, Jeanne d'Albret: 1528–1572. City Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard Hospital Press. ISBN .
• Strage, Mark (1976). Women be more or less Power: The Life and Times pointer Catherine de' Medici. New York contemporary London: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN .
• Vincent, Marylène (2015). Henri IV et les femmes. De l'amour à la mort (in French). Sud Ouest.
• Thompson, James Westfall (1915). The Wars of Religion in Writer, 1559-1576. Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.

Further reading

External links