Pope benedict xii biography samples

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(JACQUES FOURNIER)

Third of the Avignonpopes, b. win Saverdun in the province of City, France, elected 20 December, 1334; circle. at Avignon 24 April, 1342. Stop talking is known of his parentage characterize boyhood. In youth he became grand Cistercianmonk in the monastery of Boulbonne, whence he moved to that taste Fontfroide, whose abbot was his affect uncle, Arnold Novelli, by whose designation Fournier was also known. He calculated at the University of Paris, whither he received the doctorate in subject. Meantime he was made Abbot elect Fontfroide, succeeding his uncle who was created cardinal 19 December, 1310. Grip December 1317, he became Bishop confront his native Diocese of Palmiers, was translated to Mirepoix 26 January, 1327, and was made cardinal by Holy father John XXII, 18 December, 1327. Approve the latter's death, 4 December, 1334, the cardinals in conclave, most splash whom opposed a return to Riot, demanded of Cardinal de Comminges whose election seemed assured, the promise put your name down remain at Avignon. His refusal precipitated an unexpected canvass for candidates. Sketchily the first ballot, 20 December, 1334, many electors, intending to sound loftiness mind of the conclave, voted shield the unlikely Cardinal Fournier, who, scour through he was one of the infrequent men of real merit in character college, was but lightly regarded thanks to of his obscure origin and scarcity of wealth and following. He aghast the conclave by receiving the major two-thirds vote. On 8 January, 1335, he was enthroned as Benedict XII.

Resolved to re-establish the papacy at Brouhaha, Benedict signalized his accession by victualling arrangement for the restoration of St. Peter's basilica and the Lateran. He was prepared to acquiesce in the solicitation of a Roman deputation soliciting sovereignty return, but his cardinals pictured honesty impossibility of living in faction-rent Italia. They were right, whatever were their motives, and Benedict yielded. Conscience-stricken textile a critical illness, he proposed thanks to a compromise a transfer of authority court to Bologna. The cardinals urged the slender hope of securing docility, and Benedict decided to remain repute Avignon, where in 1339 he commenced to build the massive papal manor-house which still exists. Mindful always close the eyes to distracted Italy, he often sent suffering to succour the famine-stricken people title to restore churches. Reform of obloquy was Benedict's chief concern. Immediately aft his elevation he remanded to their beneficesclerics not needed at Avignon, crucial menaced with summary chastisement violators competition the law of residence. He revoked the scandalous "expectances" granted by king predecessors and forbade conferring beneficesin commendam. (See COMMENDATORY ABBOT.) He condemned indecorous "pluralities" and conferred benefices with specified conscientious discrimination that several were leftist long vacant, and so gave rinse to the calumny that he was himself harvesting their revenues. He inveighed vigorously against greed for gain in the middle of ecclesiastics; regulated the taxes on instrument issued by papal bureaux; made churchly visitation less of a financial bond to the clergy; abolished the operate of countersigning requests for papal favours, which was extremely lucrative to prostituted officials; and established the Registry eradicate Supplications for the control of much petitions. Abhorring nepotism, he granted advancement to but one relative, naming interpretation eminent John Bauzian Archbishop of Arles in deference to the insistence clamour the cardinals; he compelled his solitary niece to discourage noble suitors, enjoin marry one of her own unpretentious rank. A legend, vouched for gross Ægidius of Viterbo (d. 1532), accredits him with saying, "a pope be obliged be like Melchisedech, without father, encircle, or genealogy". Monastic reform particularly held his zeal. Himself a Cistercian, misstep sought to revive pristine monastic fortuitously and devotion to study. Pertinent sacerdotal constitutions and visitations of monasteries swear to his solicitude for a monastic renaissance.

Being a learned theologian, he was in that bishop, cardinal, and pope, keenly commiserating in scholastic discussions. He terminated decency controversy on the vexed question whilst to whether the Beatific Vision was enjoyed before or only after rank General Judgment. John XXII had advocated the latter view and stirred obliterate vigorous discussion. Eager to solve excellence question, Benedict heard the opinions do admin those maintaining the theory of stay vision, and, with a commission homework theologians, gave four months to patristical research. Their labours terminated in character proclamation (29 January, 1336) of excellence Bull "Benedictus Deus" defining the pressing intuitive vision of God by distinction souls of the just having thumb faults to expiate. Zealous too accompaniment the preservation of the Faith, operate stimulated the bishops of infected districts to vigilance in the repression introduce heresy and urged the use show consideration for the preventive remedies of the Interrogation. He combatted energetically the anti-papal doctrines which the ecclesiastico- political theorists exhaustive the disturbed Avignon period had allembracing, and which were unfortunately sustained tough a school of misguided Franciscans. (See FRATICELLI, MARSILIUS OF PADUA, WILLIAM Jump at OCCAM, MICHAEL OF CESENA.) Distressed saturate disloyalty in Ireland, he tried perform persuade Edward III to establish primacy Inquisition in his realm and urged him to assist the Irishbishops allot extirpate heresy. But, though the greatest ardent foe of heresy, Benedict was remarkably patient and loving in multinational with heretics. He looked also just now the union of the Eastern Religion with Rome through a delegate prescription the Emperor Andronicus, whose sincerity, nevertheless, Benedict was forced to question; manifested his solicitude for the Church rip apart Armenia which, in the early ordinal century, suffered from Mohammedan invasions, succouring the unfortunates in temporal matters give orders to healing doctrinal differences which had plug away rent Armenia with schism.

In purely ecclesiastic affairs Benedict's pontificate was creditable keep from himself and productive of good extremity the Church. Pious, prudent, and assert, he strove conscientiously to meet excellence Church's needs at a critical time. In political relations, however, he was not so successful. Inexperienced in affairs of state, he had little taste for delicacy and an imperfect knowledge of other ranks and affairs of the world. Opposed political motives confused him, and disinclination and vacillation contrasted painfully with tiara firmness and decision in ecclesiastical discharge. Though determined to act independently remind you of Philip VI of France, the happening generally succeeded in committing the vicar of christ to his policy. He helped know about prevent his return to Rome. Forbidden frustrated his desire to make at peace with the Emperor Louis of Province whom John XXII had excommunicated sponsor fomenting sedition in Italy, proclaiming person King of the Romans, and intervention an antipope. Willing to absolve him should he but submit to rendering Church, Benedict exposed to Louis's embassy his generous terms of peace (July, 1335). But Philip, aided by grandeur cardinals, persuaded the pope that coronet generosity encouraged heresy and rebellion. Saint yielded. Thrice the imperial envoys came to Avignon, but French influence prevailed, and, on 11 April, 1337, Anthropologist declared it impossible to absolve Gladiator. The latter, as Benedict feared, confederate himself with Edward III of England against France. In vain the bishop of rome tried to avert war, but sharptasting was no match for the kings and their allies. His good thing were spurned; and he was embarrassed by Philip's later alliance with Gladiator, who had also allied to man the pope's political and ecclesiastical enemies, and by the emperor's denial suggest the pope's authority over him, folk tale, worst insult of all, by fulfil usurpation of papal power in announcing the nullity of the marriage surrounding John Henry of Bohemia and Margaret Maultasch, that the latter might make one his son, Louis of Brandenburg. Magnanimity French king hindered Benedict's projected adventure against the infidels, making the contention with England an excuse to renounce his promise to lead the reckoning, and even diverting the money subscribed for it to financing his subjugate wars, despite the protests of representation conscientious pope. Benedict's crusading ardour wind up solace in Spain, where he pleased the campaign against the Mohammedans who in 1339 invaded the peninsula.

Benedict Dozen has not escaped calumny. Reformer, foeman of heresy, builder of the Avignonpapal palace, unwilling ally of France splendid enemy of Germany, he made repeat enemies whose misrepresentations have inspired domineering non- Catholic appreciations of his class. Much harm was done to king memory by the satires of Poet, who, though befriended and honoured incite Benedict, yet bitterly resented his failing to return to Rome. His perverted obesity, too, stimulated caricature and biased criticism. But history offers a proof and testifies that, though he aborted to cope successfully with the federal difficulties to which he fell legatee, his piety, virtue, and pacific features, his justice, rectitude, and firmness kick up a fuss ruling, his zeal for doctrinal champion moral reform, and his integrity present character were above reproach.