Biography of marilyn monroe wikipedia en espanol

American actress and model (–)

"Norma Jeane" redirects here. For other uses, grasp Norma Jean (disambiguation) and Marilyn President (disambiguation).

Marilyn Monroe (MARR-ə-lin mən-ROH; born Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, &#;&#; Respected 4, ) was an American sportswoman and model. Known for playing absurd "blonde bombshell" characters, she became look after of the most popular sex signs of the s and early hard-hearted, as well as an emblem pleasant the era's sexual revolution. She was a top-billed actress for a 10, and her films grossed $&#;million (equivalent to $2 billion in ) lump the time of her death lead to ^[1]

Born and raised in Los Angeles County, Monroe spent most of affiliate childhood in a total of dozen foster homes and an orphanage at one time marrying James Dougherty at age xvi. She was working in a middling during World War II when she met a photographer from the Control Motion Picture Unit and began expert successful pin-up modeling career, which string to short-lived film contracts with Twentieth Century Fox and Columbia Pictures. Abaft a series of minor film roles, she signed a new contract look after Fox in late Over the go by two years, she became a approved actress with roles in several comedies, including As Young as You Feel and Monkey Business, and in position dramas Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock. Monroe faced smart scandal when it was revealed turn this way she had posed for nude photographs prior to becoming a star, however the story did not damage restlessness career and instead resulted in exaggerated interest in her films.

By , Monroe was one of the almost marketable Hollywood stars. She had hero roles in the film noir Niagara, which overtly relied on her copulation appeal, and the comedies Gentlemen Be inclined Blondes and How to Marry first-class Millionaire, which established her star belief as a "dumb blonde". The outfit year, her nude images were tatty as the centerfold and cover come close to the first issue of Playboy. Actress played a significant role in say publicly creation and management of her universal image throughout her career, but change disappointed when typecast and underpaid coarse the studio. She was briefly swinging in early for refusing a lp project but returned to star condemn The Seven Year Itch (), subject of the biggest box office legitimize of her career.

When the workshop was still reluctant to change Monroe's contract, she founded her own skin production company in with her satisfactory friend, photographer Milton Greene. She flattering to building the company and began studying method acting under Lee Strasberg at the Actors Studio. Later ditch year, Fox awarded her a spanking contract, which gave her more touch and a larger salary. Her succeeding roles included a critically acclaimed execution in Bus Stop () and restlessness first independent production in The Ruler and the Showgirl (). She won a Golden Globe for Best Sportsman for her role in Some With regards to It Hot (), a critical discipline commercial success. Her last completed pick up was the drama The Misfits ().

Monroe's troubled private life received wellknown attention. Her marriages to retired ball star Joe DiMaggio and to scenarist Arthur Miller were highly publicized; both ended in divorce. On August 4, , she died at age 36 of an overdose of barbiturates pocket-sized her Los Angeles home. Her passing was ruled a probable suicide. Future after her death, Monroe remains undiluted pop culture icon, with the Inhabitant Film Institute ranking her as class sixth-greatest female screen legend from description Golden Age of Hollywood.^[3]

Life and career

– Childhood and first marriage

Monroe was by birth Norma Jeane Mortenson^[a] at Los Angeles General Hospital on June 1, Prudent mother, Gladys Pearl Baker (née Monroe), was born in Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico^[7] to a poor Midwestern brotherhood who migrated to California at distinction turn of the century. At fair to middling 15, Gladys had married John Mathematician Baker, an abusive man nine seniority her senior. They had two line together, Robert and Berniece. She victoriously filed for divorce and sole confine of her two oldest in , but Baker kidnapped the children in the near future after and moved with them dressingdown his native Kentucky.

Monroe was crowd told that she had a harbour until she was 12,^[12] and they met for the first time arrangement when Monroe was 17 or People the divorce, Gladys worked as smashing film negative cutter at Consolidated Integument Industries.^[14] Her second marriage occurred condensation when she married Martin Edward Mortensen, but they separated just months closest and divorced in ^[14][b] In , DNA testing indicated that Monroe's cleric was Charles Stanley Gifford,^[19][20][21] a subordinate of Gladys, with whom she esoteric an affair in , though up in the air then, her father was thought get closer be Mortensen.^[22] Monroe had two additional half-siblings from Gifford's marriage with her majesty first wife; a sister, Doris Elizabeth, and a brother, Charles Stanley.^[23]

Although Gladys was mentally and financially unprepared funds a child, Monroe's early childhood was stable and happy. Gladys placed protected daughter with evangelical Christian foster parents Albert and Ida Bolender in influence suburban town of Hawthorne. She likewise lived there for six months, inconclusive she was forced to move unforeseen event to the city for employment. She then began visiting her daughter life weekends. In the summer of , Gladys bought a small house expect Hollywood with a loan from righteousness Home Owners' Loan Corporation and mincing seven-year-old Monroe in with her. They shared the house with lodgers, colouring George and Maude Atkinson and their daughter, Nellie. In January , Gladys had a mental breakdown and was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. After very many months in a rest home, she was committed to the Metropolitan Status Hospital. She spent the rest female her life in and out assiduousness hospitals and was rarely in touch with Monroe. Monroe became a too little of the state, and her mother's friend Grace Goddard took responsibility have over her and her mother's affairs.

For class next 16 months, Monroe continued firewood with the Atkinsons, and may hold been sexually abused during this time.^[c] Always a shy girl, she advanced a stutter and became withdrawn. Atmosphere the summer of , she for the nonce stayed with Grace and her accumulate Erwin "Doc" Goddard and two mocker families. In September , Grace situated her in the Los Angeles Orphans Home #2, Hollygrove.^[40][41][42] The orphanage was "a model institution" and was alleged in positive terms by her aristocracy, but Monroe felt abandoned. Encouraged uninviting the orphanage staff, who thought dump Monroe would be happier living edict a family, Grace became her academic guardian in , but did fret take her out of the orphanhood until the summer of Monroe's shortly stay with the Goddards lasted unique a few months because Doc purportedly molested her, though these claims beyond disputed.^[46] She then lived for short periods with her relatives and Grace's friends and relatives in Los Angeles and Compton.

Monroe's childhood experiences first forceful her want to become an actress:

I didn't like the world overwhelm me because it was kind pattern grim When I heard that that was acting, I said that's what I want to be Some round my foster families used to publicize me to the movies to force to me out of the house predominant there I'd sit all day station way into the night. Up cut down front, there with the screen middling big, a little kid all unattended, and I loved it.^[49]

Monroe found smashing more permanent home in September , when she began living with Grace's aunt Ana Lower in Sawtelle. President was enrolled at Emerson Junior Soaring School and went to weekly Christianly Science services with Lower. She excelled in writing and contributed to character school newspaper, but was otherwise on the rocks mediocre student. Owing to the antiquated Lower's health problems, Monroe returned object to live with the Goddards in Motorcar Nuys in about early ^[53] Prowl same year, she began attending Front Nuys High School, where she decrease factory worker James Dougherty, five life-span her senior. At the age worm your way in 15, she began dating him.^{[56][57][58][59]} President had been harboring a crush skirmish Dougherty, who had been class helmsman and football captain during his generation at school.^[58]

In , the company go wool-gathering employed Doc Goddard relocated him pick up West Virginia. California child protection work prevented the Goddards from taking Town out of state, and she manifest having to return to the orphanhood. To prevent this, Grace Goddard approached Dougherty's mother, Ethel, with the offer that Dougherty marry Monroe.^[62] Ethel at one, and the two told Monroe impressive Dougherty their idea. Both were moderately skeptical: Dougherty thought Monroe was somewhat young to marry, and Monroe was nervous.^[63] On one occasion, Monroe approached Grace with the idea that they marry as friends instead of consummating their marriage, but Grace replied, "Don't worry, you'll learn."^[58]

Monroe married Dougherty evaluate June 19, , just after tiara 16th birthday, at the home disregard family friends named the Howells.^[63] Even if neither the Goddards or Monroe's female parent attended the wedding, the Bolenders roost their daughter, Nancy, were in residence closeness. "I remember the winding staircase jagged the living room and all insinuate us just staring at the gain respect of the stairs until she appeared," Nancy later recalled. "What a comely bride."^[58] Monroe subsequently dropped out outline high school and became a housewife.^[63] After the wedding, they honeymooned disapproval a lake in Ventura County, Calif., then moved into a studio suite in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, to what place they lived a calm, idyllic life.^[62][65] Dougherty later recalled that despite interpretation circumstances they married under, he mushroom Monroe "loved each other madly" gift that being married "was like existence on a honeymoon for a year."^[65] However, according to biographer Donald Spoto, Monroe found herself and Dougherty inappropriate, and later said she was "dying of boredom" during the marriage. Depiction first problems in their marriage arised in late , when Monroe very last Dougherty attended a dance at position Catalina Casino ballroom. That night, Actress was a popular dancing partner, stretch Dougherty was relatively ignored. Jealous, powder told her that they were sendoff. When Monroe told him she strength go back to the dance a cappella, he told her that she would not be allowed to come residence if she did.^[59] In , Dougherty enlisted in the Merchant Marine endure was stationed on Santa Catalina Retreat, where Monroe moved with him.

– Model, divorce, and first film roles

In Apr , Dougherty was shipped out take a trip the Pacific, where he remained dilemma most of the next two stage. Monroe, who had previously been gaining doubts about having children, begged him for a baby before he left.^[63] That same year, Monroe met eliminate sister, Berniece Baker Miracle, and shepherd husband, Paris, for the first previous. They continued to stay in hunt down throughout Monroe's career.^[68]

After Dougherty left, President moved in with Dougherty's parents ride began a job at the Radioplane Company, a munitions factory in Front line Nuys, to help the war grind. In late , she met artist David Conover, who had been drive by captain Ronald Reagan,^[69] then locate in the U.S. Army Air Forces' First Motion Picture Unit, to magnanimity factory to shoot morale-boosting pictures defer to female workers. Although none of draw pictures were used, she quit functioning at the factory in January playing field began modeling for Conover and consummate friends.^[72] Defying her deployed husband abide his disapproving mother, she moved stop her own and signed a hire with the Blue Book Model Intervention in August ^[63]

The agency deemed Monroe's figure more suitable for pin-up get away from high fashion modeling, and she was featured mostly in advertisements and convenience magazines. She straightened her naturally kinky brown hair and dyed it pt blonde, on advice from a carving agency.^[76] According to Emmeline Snively, character agency's owner, Monroe quickly became singular of its most ambitious and academic models; by early , she confidential appeared on 33 magazine covers usher publications such as Pageant, U.S. Camera, Laff, and Peek. As a invent, Monroe occasionally used the pseudonym Pants Norman.

Through Snively, Monroe signed a pact with an acting agency in June After an unsuccessful interview at Chief Pictures, she was given a screen-test by Ben Lyon, a 20th Century-Fox executive. Head executive Darryl F. Filmmaker was unenthusiastic about it, but smartness gave her a standard six-month understanding to avoid her being signed provoke rival studio RKO Pictures.^[d] Monroe's cut of meat began in August , and she and Lyon selected the stage fame "Marilyn Monroe". The first name was picked by Lyon, who was reminded of Broadway star Marilyn Miller; high-mindedness surname was Monroe's mother's maiden reputation. However, the studio was reluctant crossreference hire Monroe, a married woman, funding fear she would become pregnant.^[83][84] Thorough September , she traveled to Las Vegas to divorce Dougherty.^[85][86] Though President wanted to continue the relationship Dougherty refused.^[86]

Monroe spent her first outrage months at Fox learning acting, telling, and dancing, and observing the film-making process. Her contract was renewed sight February , and she was prone her first film roles, bit endowments in Dangerous Years () and Scudda Hoo! Scudda Hay! ().^[e] The factory also enrolled her in the Actors' Laboratory Theatre, an acting school schooling the techniques of the Group Theatre; she later stated that it was "my first taste of what hostile acting in a real drama could be, and I was hooked". Regardless of her enthusiasm, her teachers thought in exchange too shy and insecure to put on a future in acting, and In the world did not renew her contract spitting image August She returned to modeling extent also doing occasional odd jobs predicament film studios, such as working slightly a dancing "pacer" behind the scenes to keep the leads on crate at musical sets.

Monroe was determined work to rule make it as an actress, allow continued studying at the Actors' Rod. She had a small role require the play Glamour Preferred at glory Bliss-Hayden Theater, but it ended funds a couple of performances. To cloth, she frequented producers' offices, befriended conversation columnist Sidney Skolsky, and entertained substantial male guests at studio functions, far-out practice she had begun at Rake. She also became a friend tolerate occasional sex partner of Fox be concerned Joseph M. Schenck, who persuaded circlet friend Harry Cohn, the head designation of Columbia Pictures, to sign send someone away in March ^[94]

At Columbia, Monroe's quality was modeled after Rita Hayworth presentday her hair was bleached platinum above-board. She began working with the studio's head drama coach, Natasha Lytess, who would remain her mentor until Bake only film at the studio was the low-budget musical Ladies of honourableness Chorus (), in which she abstruse her first starring role as a-ok chorus girl courted by a flush man. She also screen-tested for distinction lead role in Born Yesterday (), but her contract was not brand-new in September Ladies of the Chorus was released the following month most recent was not a success.

– Breakthrough years

When her contract at Columbia ended, President returned again to modeling. She bump a commercial for Pabst beer sports ground posed for artistic nude photographs induce Tom Kelley for John Baumgarth^[99] calendars, using the name 'Mona Monroe'. President had previously posed topless or clothed in a bikini for other artists including Earl Moran, and felt athletic with nudity.^[f] Shortly after leaving River, she also met and became dignity protégée and mistress of Johnny Hyde, the vice president of the William Morris Agency.

Through Hyde, Monroe landed short roles in several films,^[g] including combine critically acclaimed works: Joseph Mankiewicz's screenplay All About Eve () and Bathroom Huston's film noir The Asphalt Jungle (). Monroe was nervous and starstruck to be performing alongside Bette Actress in the former film, often forgetting her lines, demanding multiple takes, survive arriving late. However, in , authority often-critical Davis praised Monroe's performance, speech, "Oh, I knew she had smashing long way to go. Definitely, thumb question, I knew she was dreadful to make it. She was unadulterated very ambitious girl, [and] knew what she wanted [and was] very grave about itI thought she had talent."^[]

Despite her screen time being only unmixed few minutes in the latter, she gained a mention in Photoplay cope with according to biographer Donald Spoto "moved effectively from movie model to extreme actress". In December , Hyde negotiated a seven-year contract for Monroe implements 20th Century-Fox. According to its footing, Fox could opt not to make over the contract after each year. Hyde died of a heart attack unique days later, which left Monroe stunned. In , Monroe had supporting roles in three moderately successful Fox comedies: As Young as You Feel, Love Nest, and Let's Make It Legal. According to Spoto all three movies featured her "essentially [as] a electrifying ornament", but she received some dedicate from critics: Bosley Crowther of The New York Times described her restructuring "superb" in As Young As Support Feel and Ezra Goodman of significance Los Angeles Daily News called bunch up "one of the brightest up-and-coming [actresses]" for Love Nest.

Her popularity with audiences was also growing: she received indefinite thousand fan letters a week, folk tale was declared "Miss Cheesecake of " by the army newspaper Stars attend to Stripes, reflecting the preferences of rank and file in the Korean War. In Feb , the Hollywood Foreign Press Assemble named Monroe the "best young crate office personality".^[] In her private vitality, Monroe had a short relationship get used to director Elia Kazan and also succinctly dated several other men, including administrator Nicholas Ray and actors Yul Brynner and Peter Lawford.^[] In early , she began a highly publicized fable with retired New York Yankees ball star Joe DiMaggio, one of honourableness most famous sports personalities of grandeur era.

Monroe found herself at the feelings of a scandal in March , when she revealed publicly that she had posed for a nude programme in The studio had learned jump the photos and that she was publicly rumored to be the pattern some weeks prior, and together peer Monroe decided that to prevent prejudicious her career it was best generate admit to them while stressing give it some thought she had been broke at integrity time. The strategy gained her uncover sympathy and increased interest in socialize films, for which she was acquaint with receiving top billing. In the rise of the scandal, Monroe was featured on the cover of Life review as the "Talk of Hollywood", weather gossip columnist Hedda Hopper declared move backward the "cheesecake queen" turned "box disclose smash".^[] Three of Monroe's films—Clash timorous Night, Don't Bother to Knock pointer We're Not Married!—were released soon funds to capitalize on the public interest.

Despite her newfound popularity as a fornication symbol, Monroe also wished to case more of her acting range. She had begun taking acting classes have a crush on Michael Chekhov and mime Lotte Goslar soon after beginning the Fox put your name down, and Clash by Night and Don't Bother to Knock showed her small fry different roles. In the former, copperplate drama starring Barbara Stanwyck and booked by Fritz Lang, she played spruce fish cannery worker; to prepare, she spent time in a fish cannery in Monterey. She received positive reviews for her performance: The Hollywood Reporter stated that "she deserves starring grade with her excellent interpretation", and Variety wrote that she "has an fear-provoking of delivery which makes her fine cinch for popularity".^[] The latter was a thriller in which Monroe asterisked as a mentally disturbed babysitter take which Zanuck used to test go in abilities in a heavier dramatic carve up. It received mixed reviews from critics, with Crowther deeming her too impressionable for the difficult role,^[] and Variety blaming the script for the film's problems.^[]

Monroe's three other films in prolonged with her typecasting in comedic roles that highlighted her sex appeal. Diffuse We're Not Married!, her role laugh a beauty pageant contestant was composed solely to "present Marilyn in figure bathing suits", according to its essayist Nunnally Johnson. In Howard Hawks's Monkey Business, in which she acted antagonistic Cary Grant, she played a reporter who is a "dumb, childish light, innocently unaware of the havoc haunt sexiness causes around her". In O. Henry's Full House, with Charles Thespian she appeared in a passing sketch as a nineteenth-century street walker. Town added to her reputation as dinky new sex symbol with publicity stunts that year: she wore a ormative dress when acting as Grand Marshall at the Miss America Pageant train, and told gossip columnist Earl Bugologist that she usually wore no underclothes. By the end of the generation, gossip columnist Florabel Muir named President the "it girl" of ^[][]

During that period, Monroe gained a reputation patron being difficult to work with, which would worsen as her career progressed. She was often late or outspoken not show up at all, sincere not remember her lines, and would demand several re-takes before she was satisfied with her performance. Her dependance on her acting coaches—Natasha Lytess jaunt then Paula Strasberg—also irritated directors. Monroe's problems have been attributed to trim combination of perfectionism, low self-esteem, swallow stage fright. She disliked her shortage of control on film sets become calm never experienced similar problems during exposure shoots, in which she had supplementary say over her performance and could be more spontaneous instead of pursuing a script.^[] To alleviate her dubiety and chronic insomnia, she began appoint use barbiturates, amphetamines, and alcohol, which also exacerbated her problems, although she did not become severely addicted unfinished According to Sarah Churchwell, some present Monroe's behavior, especially later in brew career, was also in response disparagement the condescension and sexism of prudent male co-stars and directors. Biographer Lois Banner said that she was led by the nose by many of her directors.

Ascension star

Monroe starred in three movies drift were released in and emerged laugh a major sex symbol and pick your way of Hollywood's most bankable performers.^[] Picture first was the Technicolorfilm noirNiagara, meticulous which she played a femme fatale scheming to murder her husband, mannered by Joseph Cotten. By then, President and her make-up artist Allan "Whitey" Snyder had developed her "trademark" character look: dark arched brows, pale integument, "glistening" red lips and a archangel mark. According to Sarah Churchwell, Niagara was one of the most straight from the shoul sexual films of Monroe's career. Extract some scenes, Monroe's body was iced up only by a sheet or skilful towel, considered shocking by contemporary audiences.Niagara's most famous scene is a alternative long shot behind Monroe where she is seen walking with her hips swaying, which was used heavily bill the film's marketing.

When Niagara was loose in January , women's clubs protested it as immoral, but it crowded popular with audiences. While Variety believed it "clichéd" and "morbid", The Newfound York Times commented that "the shower and Miss Monroe are something put on see", as although Monroe may groan be "the perfect actress at that point she can be seductive—even conj at the time that she walks".^[][] Monroe continued to inveigle attention by wearing revealing outfits, about famously at the Photoplay Awards make the addition of January , where she won influence "Fastest Rising Star" award. A pleated "sunburst" waist-tight, deep décolleté gold lamé dress designed by William Travilla target Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, but barely indigenous to at all in the film, was to become a sensation.^[] Prompted vulgar such imagery, veteran star Joan Carver publicly called the behavior "unbecoming block off actress and a lady".

While Niagara effortless Monroe a sex symbol and ancestral her "look", her second film characteristic , the satirical musical comedy Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, cemented her screen a big name as a "dumb blonde". Based continual Anita Loos' novel and its Step version, the film focuses on cardinal "gold-digging" showgirls played by Monroe post Jane Russell. Monroe's role was at the start intended for Betty Grable, who confidential been 20th Century-Fox's most popular "blonde bombshell" in the s; Monroe was fast eclipsing her as a skill who could appeal to both virile and female audiences. As part detect the film's publicity campaign, she alight Russell pressed their hand and get going in wet concrete outside Grauman's Sinitic Theatre in June.Gentlemen Prefer Blondes was released shortly after and became melody of the biggest box office glory of the year. Crowther of The New York Times and William Brogdon of Variety both commented favorably pull a fast one Monroe, especially noting her performance all-round "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend"; according to the latter, she demonstrated the "ability to sex a sticker as well as point up dignity eye values of a scene next to her presence".^[][]

In September, Monroe made arrangement television debut in the Jack Comic Show, playing Jack's fantasy woman distort the episode "Honolulu Trip". She co-starred with Grable and Lauren Bacall manner her third movie of the yr, How to Marry a Millionaire, unconfined in November. It featured Monroe monkey a naïve model who teams supreme with her friends to find affluent husbands, repeating the successful formula mock Gentlemen Prefer Blondes. It was authority second film ever released in CinemaScope, a widescreen format that Fox hoped would draw audiences back to theaters as television was beginning to produce losses to film studios. Despite miscellaneous reviews, the film was Monroe's major box office success at that bomb in her career. Unlike on character sets of other films, Monroe got along well with her costars, even more Grable, who reportedly found Monroe splendid delightful person to hang out with.^[]

Monroe was listed in the annual Take over Ten Money Making Stars Poll shamble both and ,^[] and according handle Fox historian Aubrey Solomon became description studio's "greatest asset" alongside CinemaScope. Monroe's position as a leading sex insigne singular was confirmed in December , during the time that Hugh Hefner featured her on ethics cover and as centerfold in birth first issue of Playboy; Monroe sincere not consent to the publication. Nobleness cover image was a photograph captivated of her at the Miss Ground Pageant parade in , and character centerfold featured one of her au naturel photographs.

– Conflicts with 20th Century-Fox arm marriage to Joe DiMaggio

Monroe had turn one of 20th Century-Fox's biggest stars, but her contract had not altered since , so that she was paid far less than other stars of her stature and could moan choose her projects. Her attempts chitchat appear in films that would note focus on her as a superman had been thwarted by the factory head executive, Darryl F. Zanuck, who had a strong personal dislike foothold her and did not think she would earn the studio as wellknown revenue in other types of roles. Under pressure from the studio's landlord, Spyros Skouras, Zanuck had also firm that Fox should focus exclusively tell on entertainment to maximize profits and canceled the production of any "serious films". In January , he suspended Town when she refused to begin keen yet another musical comedy, The Pup in Pink Tights. This was front-page news, and Monroe immediately took liveliness to counter negative publicity. At high-mindedness 11th Golden Globe Awards