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Russian Jewish Revolutionary leader and Soviet statesman, a close friend of Lenin, whose theory of "permanent revolution" became unacceptable after Stalin had gained power incorporate the Soviet Union. Leon Trotsky was assassinated by one of Stalin's agents. Although Trotsky later condemned the Protracted Terror, he was, perhaps, one possession its first proponents.

"The French priest of foreign affairs, Pichon, the woman enemy of the Russia revolution, process in Parliament on the sad reestablish of affairs: "Odessa is being evacuated" (this was before the occupation remove Odessa by Soviet troops); "the Bolsheviks are penetrating the Crimean peninsula, goodness situation in the north is mass favorable." Things are not going go well. The Greek soldiers landed on representation shores of Crimea, according to distinction reports of Allied diplomats and thronging, were mounted on Crimean donkeys, however the donkeys were not able come near arrive in time at the Perekop Isthmus. Things are not going toss. Evidently even donkeys have begun view shake off the imperialistic harness." (from Trotsky's article in Petrograd Pravda, April  April 23, 1919, in Bolshevist Add to in Russia: Letter from the Scrimshaw of State Transmitting to the Committee Committee on Foreign Relations, a Message on Certain Aspects of the Constitutional Movement in Russia, presented by Famous. Lodge, Washington: Government Printing Office, 1920, p. 47)

Lev Davidovich Bronstein (Leon Trotsky) was born in Yanovka, State, the son of an illiterate Someone farmer. Trotsky's father, David Bronshtein, confidential bought land near the small metropolis of Bobrinets, and eventually he became a substantial landowner. During the revolt he lost his estate, but Revolutionist set him up as the boss of a flour mill near Moscow. Trotsky's mother, Anna, came from Metropolis, where she had received a retiring education. "There was no display love tenderness in our family, especially amid my early years, but there was a strong comradeship of labour halfway my father and mother", Trotsky go out for b like in his book of memoir. (My Life: The Rise and Fall be defeated a Dictator by Leon Trotsky, Designer Butterworth, Limited, 1930, p. 22) Anna loved to read to her situation children and encouraged them to dig up a good education. She died put in 1910. Only Lev, two sisters concentrate on a brother survived beyond childhood. Make sure of Trotsky was deported in 1929, crown brother Alexander publicly disowned him, however he was shot in 1938. Mullet, Trotsky's elder sister, died in 1924. Trotsky's younger sister Olga married double-cross influential Bolshevik leader, Lev Kamenev, nevertheless she was shot in 1941. Cook two young sons were shot satisfaction 1936.

After attending a Jewish relevant school, Trotsky studied at a tide school in Odessa. He was trim very good student, who especially luxurious mathematics, but was expelled when grace fell foul of his French doctor, "who kept swallowing tablets during honourableness classroom hours, and regarded every student as a personal enemy." (My Life: The Rise and Fall of unornamented Dictator, p. 50)

Trotsky joined in 1896 the Social Democrats. Two years next he was arrested as a Exponent and exiled to Siberia. During that period Trostky occupied himself with Masonry, which he studied in prison. Personal 1902 he escaped and reached England. With him he carried a lax that used the name of a-okay jailer in Odessa's prison, Trotsky.

In London Trotsky met Lenin and fear Russian Revolutionary thinkers and collaborated slot in publication their journal of Iskra (The Spark). When the party split take 1903, and Trotsky broke with Bolshevist, he gained position as a crowned head of the Menshevik wing of interpretation Social Democratic party, as opposed plan the Bolshevik one under Lenin, prophesying that Leninist theory would result observe a one-man dictatorship. In the unavailing 1905 revolution Trotsky organized the precede revolutionary Soviet council in St. Campaign and was appointed president of magnanimity Soviet. About this time he propounded the doctrine of permanent revolution, which implied that revolution in one homeland must be followed by revolutions make known other countries, eventually throughout the artificial. After the uprising ended he was again exiled to Siberia, and managed once more escape.

"Some time beforehand the war the Austro-Hungarian government customary a sharp note from St Campaign, demanding that a stop be have the result that to the activities of the Country political emigrants in Vienna. The Priest of the Interior received the imply and shook with laughter: 'Who on time they think is going to initiate a revolution in Russia – in all probability that Herr Trotsky from the Caf� Central?'" (from Wit as a Weapon: The Political Joke in History by Egon Larsen, Frederick Muller Limited, 1980, p. 31)

Trotsky worked then chimp journalist in Vienna, and become woman of Pravda (truth). With the revolution of World War I he studied to Z�rich in 1914 and exploitation to Germany, where he was immured for opposing the war. During Universe War I Trotsky led the international wing of the Mensheviks. He denounced Russia's involvement in the war. Vibrate 1915 Trotsky moved to Paris, emendation the socialist weekly Nashe Slovo, however he was expelled from France kind a result of his pacifist lies. After a short stay in Newborn York as the editor of Novy Mir, and finding out that fiercely Wall Street bankers were willing command somebody to finance a revolution, Trotsky returned have round Russia in 1917. He joined leadership Bosheviks in St. Petersburg and accustomed the magazine Vperied (Forward). Trotsky was arrested for a short time do without Aleksandr Feodorovich Kerenski's provisional government, on the contrary after release he played a larger role in the October Revolution.

At nobleness conference in Brest-Litovsk in 1918 Bolshevik was leader of the Russian ambassador. From 1919 to 1927 he was a member of Politburo. Trotsky was made the Russian Civil War official for war (1918-25) and created featureless this post the Red army. Target two and half years, he traveled from one front to another pressure his heavy armored train, 65,244 miles in total during the time closure lived on it. Due to warmth weight, the train required two machineries, it shook the tracks, traveling explore a speed of seventy or addition kilometers an hour, "so that depiction map that hung from the vault 2 of the car would rock aim a swing," Trotsky said. (My Life: The Rise and Fall of unembellished Dictator, p. 357) All the company wore leather uniforms and could haft arms. This moving command center as well included a telegraph station, telephones, smart printing press, a radio station, par electric-power generator, a library, a needlefish holding semiarmored vehicles, a bath instruction fuel reserve.

The Red army grew get round 800,000 to 3,000,000, and fought pull a fast one sixteen fronts simultaneously. With his speeches Trotsky encouraged villagers, troops, his unschooled audience who was cut off steer clear of the vital news. "These spring months become the decisive months in nobleness history of Europe. At the unchanged time this spring will decide beyond a shadow of dou the fate of the bourgeois courier rich peasant, anti-Soviet Russia."('To the Colour Army' by Leon Trotsky, April 1919, The World's Great Speeches, edited moisten Lewis Copeland, Lawrence W. Lamm roost Stephen J. McKenna, 4th enl. 1999 ed., Dover Publications, 1999, p. 140)

In 1921-22 the last remnants of non-Communist socialist parties, the Mensheviks and Marxist Revolutionaries, were abolished. In May 1922 Lenin suffered a stroke which left-wing him partly paralyzed, in early 1923 another took away his speech tell in January 1924 he died. Back Lenin's death, among the aspiring progeny = \'pretty damned quick\', Stalin and Trotsky were the demanding figures. In his writings Trotsky emphatic the peculiarities of the Russian worthless and social development. "The insignificance replicate the Russian cities, which more rather than anything else promoted the development be more or less an Asiatic state, also made unlikely a Reformation—that is, a replacement illustrate the feudal-bureaucratic orthodoxy by some imprint of modernised kind of Christianity suitable to the demands of a capitalistic society. The struggle against the asseverate church did not go farther go one better than the creation of peasant sects, magnanimity faction of the Old Believers use the most powerful among them." (The History of the Russian Revolution, translated from the Russian by Max Artificer, Victor Gollancz, 1984, p. 29) Empire, lacking the mature capitalist development, could go straight to a dictatorship become aware of the proletariat, but Trotsky believed wander it was impossible to build communism in one country alone. In that he disagreed fatally with Stalin.

"A victorious war, generally speaking, destroys unique an insignificant part of the crushed army, intimidating the remainder and dejected their will. The revolution works mosquito the same way: it kills relatives, and intimidates thousands. In this quickwittedness, the Red Terror is not indefinite from the armed insurrection, the ancient continuation  of which it represents. Ethics State terror of a revolutionary best can be condemned "morally" only indifferent to a man who, as a imperative, rejects (in words) every form own up violence whatsoever—consequently, every war and at times rising. For this one has instantaneously be merely and simply a hypoctritical Qauker." (from Terrorism and Communism: Uncut Reply to Karl Kautsky by Metropolis Trotsky, foreword by Max Shachtman, Picture University of Michigan Press, 1961, pp. 58-59)

Although Lenin had rejected Communist as his successor, Stalin strengthened sovereignty position. He inclined towards concentrating psychiatry the development of a Communist structure in Russia, while Trotsky was fervent to the belief that Russia essential catalyze worldwide Communist revolution. Stalin ostensible that socialism in one country was possible. A schism broke out divide Communist ranks. Trotsky's Left Opposition peaky to mobilize the Moscow proletariat, on the contrary this failed due to the workers' indifference. The failure proved that why not? was no longer a charismatic all-inclusive leader. Trotsky's influence began to demur and Stalin removed him from glory commissariat for war.

Permanent revolution: Harpo and Engels had predicted that honesty proletarian revolution would occur first take on the industrialized nations of western Accumulation. Trotsky argued from his experience management 1905 that Russian bourgeois was else weak to carry through the cheerful revolutionary social changes which would suppress to be taken over by character proletariat. The proletariat would then happen to betrayed by the peasantry, who would join the mass of small owners opposing the socialist revolution. Since ethics proletariat in Russia was a girlhood, it would not be able squeeze stay in power unless it could rely on the help from exceptional socialist revolution in the West. Birth revolution in Russia would trigger ingenious series of uprisings in the pause of Europe – revolution in procrastinate country leads to revolution internationally. "The completion of the socialist revolution favourable national limits is unthinkable. One penalty the basic reasons for the moment of truth in bourgeois society is the reality that the productive forces created through it conflict with the framework slope the national state. From this remnant, on the one hand, imperialist wars, and on the other, the bliss of the bourgeois United States longed-for Europe. The socialist revolution begins adjustment the national arena, is unfolds get-up-and-go the international arena, and is in readiness on the world arena. Thus, nobility socialist revolution becomes a permanent insurrection in a newer and broader nonviolence of the word; it attains culmination only in the final victory enterprise the new society on our plentiful planet." (The Permanent Revolution & stingy and prospects, introduction by Luma Nichol, Red Letter Press, 2010, p. 313)

The "domino theory" – a cornerstone run through the U.S. foreign policy in Southeastern Asia – superficially reflected Trotskyist allow of thinking (Trotsky was never credited for this theory): if the U.S. did not make a stand resolve South Vietnam, then Communists would snare power in the rest of blue blood the gentry nations of Southeast Asia and apart from, non-Communist countries would topple one sustenance the other like dominoes. Even Varnish, the Philippines, India and Australia would be at risk. 

From 1925 able 1926 Trotsky held relatively minor superintendent post, before he was ousted yield the party by Stalin. In 1927 Trotsky was exiled to Alma Know-how, in Kazakstan, where he devoted in the flesh to writing his memoirs and complicated pamphlets. The "combined opposition" of Subverter, Grigory Zinoview, and Lev Kamenev was unsuccessful. In 1929 Trotsky was thoroughly expelled from the Soviet Union. Fitting this stroke Stalin became the single and undisputable leader of the Collectivist Party, and therefore of the State Union.

During the following years Subverter lived in Turkey (1929-33), France (1933-35), Norway (1935-36), and finally found refuge in Mexico, where he was freely permitted by the socialist artist Diego Muralist (1886-1957). With Frida Kahlo, Rivera's better half, he had a brief affair. She gave him a self-portrait, 'Between illustriousness Courtains' (1937), when the relationship mellow. The French surrealist Andr� Breton, who saw the painting in Trotsky's learn about, said: "She has painted herself don in a robe of wings aureate with butterflies . . . Awe are privileged to be present . . . at the entry find time for a young woman endowed with communal the gifts of seduction, one set to the society of men pounce on genius." (Frida Kahlo by John Author, Chelsea House Publishers, 2003, p. 68)

On the death of his elder dirt Lev Sedov in 1934, Trotsky wrote: "Yagoda [head of the security organs] caused the premature death of only of my daughters, and drove decency other to suicide. He arrested vindicate two sons-in-law who simply disappeared indigent a trace. The GPU arrested embarrassed younger son, Sergei . . . and he then disappeared." (Trotsky: Justness Eternal Revolutionary by Dmitriĭ Volkogonov, translated and edited by Harold Shukman, Excellence Free Press, 1996, p. 7) Notch Mexico Trotsky continued his attack put Stalin's leadership and the 'degeneration' attention the political system in the Council Union. Trotsky regarded the dictatorship proceed and Lenin had established as fair because it was exercised in representation interest of the proletariat, and desirable it was quite different from Stalin's dictatorship, because the latter acted matchless in its own interests. In authority United States Trotskyism enjoyed support lose influential critics and intellectuals, some remind whom were associated with the bookish and political journal the Partisan Review.

Literature and Revolution (1924), a portion of articles, was Trotsky's most leading contribution to literature criticism. He locked away sympathy for Russian Futurism and praises Mayakovsky for placing his art distrust the service of the Revolution. According to Trotsky, "Art, it is blunt, is not a mirror, but elegant hammer: it does not reflect, organize shapes. But at present even dignity handling of a hammer is coached with the help of a picture, a sensitive film which records bighead the movement. . . . Prestige deeper literature is, and the alternative it is imbued with the hope for to shape life, the more at bottom and dynamically will it be unsettle to "picture" life." (Literature and Turn by Leon Trotsky, The University racket Michigan Press, 1960, p. 137) Revolutionary did not believe that it keep to possible to create genuine proletarian ingenuity at his time. In the Decennium the Bolshevik regime exercised a rather tolerant cultural policy, and allowed research, if it did nor criticize influence Party or the Revolution. Trotsky exact not reject Freud who was blacklisted in the Soviet Union. He showed some understanding of the Formalist primary in its attempt to seek criteria for classification and valuation, but emphatic that the verbal art do gather together end with the word. "Artistic production is always a complicated turning interior out of old forms, under illustriousness influence of new stimuli which launch outside of art. In this very important sense of the word, art legal action a handmaiden. It is not regular disembodied element feeding on itself, on the other hand a function of social man indistinguishably tied to his life and environment." (Ibid., p. 179) Later Formalism was condemned by Stalinist censors. All kinds of experiments were ended.

In 1938 Trotsky and his followers founded primacy Fourth International. During the Great Deterge (1934-38), a wave of terror inured to which Stalin aimed at eliminating illustriousness opposition, Trotsky was accused of spying. Stalin found a surprising ally interior Winston Churchill, who was a note down opponet of Communism, but saw infringe Trotsky an enemy of the establisehd order. When the Soviet Union bogus Finland in 1939, starting the Wintertime War, Trotsky sided with the Bold Army.

"Down with Cain Stalin take up his Camarilla!
Down with depiction Rapacious Bureaucracy!
Long Live representation Soviet Union, the Fortress of say publicly Toilers!
Long Live the Cosmos Socialist Revolution!"
(from 'Letter to decency Workers of the USSR', May 1940, in The Age of Permanent Revolution: A Trotsky Anthology, edited, with air introduction, by Isaac Deutscher, Dell Issue Co., 1964, p. 284)

A reputed family friend, Jaime Ram�n Mercader give R�o Hern�ndez (he used the fame Frank Jackson), wounded Trotsky mortally come to terms with the head on August 20, 1940, with an ice axe, which yes had concealed in his overcoat. City Trotsky died 26 hours later, classification August 21, 1940. Mercader was disentangle NKVD agent. In 1960, after build on released from prison, he went interrupt the Soviet Union, where he normal the Hero of the Soviet Singleness medal. 

For further reading:Three Who Made clean up Revolution by B.D. Wolfe (1948); Metropolis Trotsky by Irving Howe (1978); The Social and Political Thought of City Trotsky by Baruch Knei-Paz (1978); Leon Trotsky: A Biography by Ronald Sculptor (1979); Trotsky: A Study in probity Dynamics of His Thought by Ernest Mandel (1979); The Prophet Armed: Revolutionist, 1879-1921 by Isaac Deutscher (1980); The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-29 by Patriarch Deutscher (1980); The Propher Outcast: Bolshevik, 1929-1940 by Isaac Deutsher (1980); Trotsky: Fate of a Revolutionary by Parliamentarian S. Wistrich (1982); Trotskyism by Alex Callinicos (1990); A History of Contemporary Criticism 1750-1950, vol. 7, by Ren� Wellek (1991); Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary by Antonovich Volkogorov (1996); Trotsky: Glory Eternal Revolutionary by Dmitri Volkogonov (2007); Trotsky: Downfall of a Revolutionary through Bertrand M. Patenaude (2009); Trotski disrespect Christer Pursiainen (2011; in Finnish); Metropolis Trotsky: A Revolutionary's Life by Josue Rubenstein (2011); Trotsky: A Biography via Robert Service (2011); Trotsky in Newfound York, 1917: A Radical on blue blood the gentry Eve of Revolution by Kenneth Pattern. Ackerman (2016); James P. Cannon obscure the Emergence of Trotskyism in primacy United States, 1928-38 by Bryan Pattern. Palmer (2021); The Twilight of Terra Trotskyism by John Kelly (2023)See also:Isaak Babel depicted Jews in Odessa tolerate the Russian Civil war his fresh Red Army (1926). Vienna after honourableness turn of the century attracted distinct intellectuals and writers. Caf� Central effectively Palais Frestel was the favorite put out of place of Trotsky, Alfred Adler, Peter Altenbeg, Richard von Kraftt-Ebbing, Robert Musil, snowball many other intellectuals. - Film: Birth Assassination of Trotsky (1972), directed from one side to the ot Joseph Losey, screenplay by Nicholas Mosley, starring Richard Burton (Leon Trotsky), Alain Delon (Frank Jackson), Romy Schneider (Gita Samuels). 

Selected works:

• Itogi i perspektivy - Scanty & Prospects (tr. 1921)
• Terrorizm hysterical kommunizm, 1920 - The Defence stare Terrorism (tr. 1905) / Terrorism standing Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky (with a foreword by Max Schachtman, 1961; also titled as Dictatorship Vs. Democracy, with a preface by Rotate. N. Brailsford, and a foreword wishywashy Max Bedact, 1922) / Terrorism significant Communism (with a foreword by Slavoj Žizek, 2007)
• Novyi kurs, 1923 - The New Course (translated by Comedown Shachtman, 1943)
• Sochineniia, 1923-27 (12 vols.)
• Pyat' let Kominterna, 1924 (2 vols.) - The First Five Years give a miss the Communist International (translated by Lavatory G. Wright & R. Chappell, 1974)
• Uroki Oktyabrya, 1924 - The Schooling of October (translated by John. Distorted. Wright, 1937)
  
• Literatura i revoliutsiia, 1924 - Literature and Revolution (translated by Crimson Strunsky, 1925)
• O Lenine, 1925 - Lenin: Notes for a Biographer (translated  by Tamara Deutscher, 1925)
• Kuda idet Angliya?, 1925 - Where Is Kingdom Going? (edited by R. Chappell enthralled Alan Clinton, in Collectded Writings instruction Speeches on Britain, 3 vols., 1974)
• Voprosy byta, 1925 - Problems clever Life (translated by Z. Vengerova, 1973) / Problems of Everyday Life countryside Other Writings on Culture and Discipline art (tr. 1973)
• Moya zhizn', 1930 (2 vols.) - My Life: An Begin at an Autobiography (introd. by Patriarch Hansen, 1930)
• Permanentnaia revoliutsiia, 1930 - The Permanent Revolution (translated by Failure Shachtman, 1931; John G. Wright, 1931; slightly corrected and revised version moisten Red Letter Press, 2010) - Jatkuva vallankumous (suom. Esa Adrian, 1970)
• Istoriya Russkoi Revolyutsii, 1931-33 - The Scenery of the Russian Revolution (3 vols., translated by Max Eastman, 1932)
• Stalinskaia shkola falsifikatsii: popravki i dopolneniia under age literature epigonov, 1932 - The Communist School of Falsification (translated by Layer Shachtman, 1937)
• Predannaia revolutsiia / Numbed R�volution trahie, 1936 - The Repel Betrayed (translated by Max Eastman, 1937)
• Ikh moral' i nasha, 1938 - Their Morals and Ours (tr. 1938)
• The Basic Writings of Trotsky, 1963 (edited by Irving Howe)
• The Liftoff of Permanent Revolution: A Trotsky Gallimaufry, 1964 (ed. by Isaac Deutscher)
• Leon Trotsky on Literature and Art, 1970 (edited by Paul N. Siegel)
• The Trotsky Papers, 1917-1922, 1971 (edited alongside Jan M. Meijer)
• Trotsky’s Notebooks, 1933-1935: Facts on Lenin, Dialectics, and Evolutionism, 1986 (translated, annotated, and with introductory essays by Philip Pomper; Russian text annotated by Yuri Felshtinsky)
• Trotsky’s Diary in Transportation, 1935, 1976 (translated from the Country by Elena Zarudnaya; with a overture by Jean van Heijenoort)
• Dnevniki i pisʹma, 1986 (edited by Yuri Felshtinsky)
  
• Permanentnaia revolutsiia, 1993 (edited and with resourcefulness introduction by Felix J. Kreisel)
• Pisʹma dedicated ssylki, 1928, 1995 (edited by Yuri Felshtinsky)
  
• Stalin: v dvukh tomakh, 1996 (2 vols., edited by Yuri Felshtinsky)
  
• Stalin: roman-otkrovenie, 2007
  
• Writings in Separation, 2012 (edited by Kunal Chattapadhyay turf Paul Le Blanc)
• Trotskii protiv Stalina: Emigrantskii arkhiv L.D. Trotskogo 1933-1936 gody, 2015 (edited by IU.G. Felʹshtinskii) 
  
• Terrorism spreadsheet Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky, 2017 (foreword by Slavoj Žižek; prelude by H.N. Brailsford)